In recent years, the use of low-intensity red light in regeneration of soft tissue has been increasingly pursued. As far as hard tissue is concerned, the biostimulating effect of laser has already been demonstrated successfully in more rapid healing of tibial bone fractures in mice at a dosage of 2.4 J. However, the effect of light of a low dose laser directly on osteoblasts has not been invest...

The fundamental objective of this research has been to apply a novel isotopic technique to delineate the biogeochemical pathways that methanogenic archaea utilize during the final step of coal biodegradation when converting simple energy sources (primarily thought to be H 2 and acetate; Figure 1) into methane and CO 2. This long-standing problem in subsurface biogeochemistry has relevance to bo...

underground coal gasification (ucg) is a non-conventional method of extracting gas from coal. the primary advantage of ucg is that it recovers gas from uneconomical or unminable coal, potentially increasing the value of the world’s coal reserves by an estimated 70%; for this reason, ucg has been implemented at sites around the world. however, the gaseous, liquid and solid waste streams which ac...