5 Currently existing neural network models lack an important computational capability of 6 networks of neurons in the brain: the capability to reason on an abstract level, and to structure 7 information according to abstract categories. While there is hardly anything known about 8 underlying processes for that in the human brain, experimental evidence for the organization 9 of an important prer...

Our main objective will be to construct a fully compositional representation of nominal anaphora in discourse. The proposed representation is not dependent on the remote ascription (i.e. done outside the formal representation) of syntactic indexes, which identify anaphoric links. A formal language of variable free logic is introduced. It is based on dynamic semantics paradigm and is a variant o...

The modularity of the ZOOPS model allows for combining an arbitrary motif model with parameters Θm with an arbitrary flanking model with parameters Θf. The binary latent variable ui handles the situation that the i-th sequence contains (ui = 1) or contains not (ui = 0) a binding site. We model the position of the binding site of width W by the latent variable vi ∈ {1, . . . , Li −W + 1}. The bi...

Most complex trait-associated variants are located in non-coding regulatory regions of the genome, where they have been shown to disrupt transcription factor (TF)-DNA binding motifs. Variable TF-DNA interactions are therefore increasingly considered as key drivers of phenotypic variation. However, recent genome-wide studies revealed that the majority of variable TF-DNA binding events are not dr...

The antigen-binding site of immunoglobulins is formed by six regions, three from the light and three from the heavy chain variable domains, which, on association of the two chains, form the conventional antigen-binding site of the antibody. The mode of interaction between the heavy and light chain variable domains affects the relative position of the antigen-binding loops and therefore has an e...

Repeat proteins, such as ankyrin or leucine-rich repeat proteins, are ubiquitous binding molecules, which occur, unlike antibodies, intra- and extracellularly. Their unique modular architecture features repeating structural units (repeats), which stack together to form elongated repeat domains displaying variable and modular target-binding surfaces. Based on this modularity, we developed a nove...

the characteristics of manganese and iron binding to human apotransferrin (apo-tf) have been investigated and compared in this study. both metal ions were taken up by human apo-tf and formed complexes, with the maximum absorbances observed at 410 and 340 nm for manganese-transferrin (mn-tf) and 465 nm for iron-transferrin (fe-tf). addition of manganese (1.5 µg/ml) to the reaction mixture contai...

For connectionist networks to be adequate for higher level cognitive activities such as natural language interpretation, they have to generalize in a way that is appropriate given the regularities of the domain. Fodor and Pylyshyn (1988) identified an important pattern of regularities in such domains, which they called systematicity. Several attempts have been made to show that connectionist ne...

binding trees, or abt’s, enrich ast’s with the means to introduce new variables and symbols, called a binding, with a specified range of significance, called its scope. The scope of a binding is an abt within which the bound identifier can be used, either as a place-holder (in the case of a variable declaration) or as the index of some operator (in the case of a symbol declaration). Thus, the s...

The ability to learn abstract concepts is a powerful component of human cognition. It has been argued that variable binding is the key element enabling this ability, but the computational aspects of variable binding remain poorly understood. Here, we address this shortcoming by formalizing the Hierarchical Language of Thought (HLOT) model of rule learning. Given a set of data items, the model u...