Estimation of tunnel diameter convergence is a very important issue for tunneling construction, especially when the new Austrian tunneling method (NATM) is adopted. For this purpose, a systematic convergence measurement is usually implemented to adjust the design during the whole construction, and consequently deadly hazards can be prevented. In this study, a new fuzzy model capable of predicti...

A proposal has been made to build a new tunnel under the Scheldt river near the centre of Antwerp in order to relieve traffic congestion on the ring road and in an existing tunnel. The new tunnel is expected to cost more than €1 billion, and tolls have been suggested to help finance construction and to manage demand. This paper conducts a preliminary cost-benefit analysis of a new tunnel and th...

This paper describes a method and a system for visualizing a virtual tunnel through an existing geologic formation and a method for the generation of a camera animation along the tunnel axis. The tunnel is built from geologic data coming from vertical sample drills from the mountain top along the selected tunnel axis. Its wire frame model is then edited by a geologist and image information of t...

Tension in an anterior cruciate ligament graft is greater with the knee in flexion when the angle of the tibial tunnel in the coronal plane is vertical or more perpendicular to the medial joint line of the tibia; however, the relationship of the angle of the tibial tunnel to knee function has not been studied. Greater graft tension may limit knee flexion or stretch the graft and increase anteri...

Handling stress is a well-recognised source of variation in animal studies that can also compromise the welfare of research animals. To reduce background variation and maximise welfare, methods that minimise handling stress should be developed and used wherever possible. Recent evidence has shown that handling mice by a familiar tunnel that is present in their home cage can minimise anxiety com...

Surface-Piercing Propellers (SPPs) have been widely used in high speed craft due to some desirable features such as high efficiency, omission of resistance of equipment attached to the propeller and proper functioning of cavitation. Unlike the submerged propellers, theoretical methods have no significant application on simulation of SPPsbecause of problems related to modeling of these propeller...

This study aimed to develop optimum information systems to improve physical function after carpal tunnel release. The t-test was done to compare the differences of physical function after carpal tunnel surgery before and after information system application. As a result, for carpal tunnel syndrome, the carpal status in subjects who have suffered from paresthesia decreased after the system appli...

This paper provides an Analog Behavioral Model (ABM) in PSpice of a tunnel diode The PSpice parameters are implemented as separate parameterized blocks constructed from SPICE (ABM) controlled sources and extracted through experiment. A tunnel diode based oscillator is also proposed and simulated using circuit analysis software. The behavior of the tunnel diode is simulated and compared to the m...

Ulnar neuropathy at or distal to the wrist, the so-called ulnar tunnel syndrome, is an uncommon but well-described condition. However, diagnosis of ulnar tunnel syndrome can be difficult. Paresthesias may be nonspecific or related to coexisting pathologies, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome, C8-T1 radiculopathy, or peripheral neuropathy, which mak...