In this article, we present a particle filter (PF)-based track-before-detect (PF TBD) procedure for detection of extended objects whose shape is modeled by an ellipse. By incorporating of an existence variable and the target shape parameters into the state vector, the proposed algorithm performs joint estimation of the target presence/ absence, trajectory and shape parameters under unknown nuis...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The timing of flowering within and among individuals is of fundamental biological importance because of its influence on total seed production and, ultimately, fitness. Traditional descriptive parameters of flowering phenology focus on onset and duration of flowering and on synchrony among individuals. These parameters do not adequately account for variability in flowering a...

Most flowers display distinct colour patterns comprising two different areas. The peripheral large-area component of floral colour patterns attracts flower visitors from some distance and the central small-area component guides flower visitors towards landing sites. Whereas the peripheral colour is largely variable among species, the central colour, produced mostly by anthers and pollen or poll...

The genetic control of the switch between seasonal and perpetual flowering has been deciphered in various perennial species. However, little is known about the genetic control of the dynamics of perpetual flowering, which changes abruptly at well-defined time instants during the growing season. Here, we characterize the perpetual flowering pattern and identify new genetic controls of this patte...

The formation of reproductive organs is a defining characteristic of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Unlike animals, plants do not establish a germline early in development. In flowering species, specific somatic cells present in sexual reproductive organs divide by meiosis and differentiate haploid precursors (named spores) that undergo several mitotic divisions before giving rise to ...

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an animal hormone synthesized predominantly at night. It often serves as a signal of darkness that regulates circadian rhythmicity and photoperiodism. Melatonin has also been found in algae and higher plants, including the short-day flowering plant Chenopodium rubrum. To test its involvement in plant photoperiodism, melatonin solutions were applied to...

Seagrasses form extensive meadows in shallow coastal waters and are among the world's most productive ecosystems. Seagrasses can produce both clonally and sexually, and flowering has long been considered infrequent, but important for maintaining genetically diverse stands. Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in flowering of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica, an iconic species en...

This study was carried out in 3 gardens determined Başiskele, Körfez and Karamürsel districts of Kocaeli province 2017-2018. A cherry tree caged covered with a 4 mm x perforated net before flowering to prevent the penetration honey bees. Before beginning flowering, bee colony placed decares each garden removed at end period. As result our two field application aged 10 20 (with Ziraat 900 variet...

The objective of this study was to analyse the phenological events in the herbaceous and subshrub layer in relation to rainfall and the dispersion syndromes of the species at a Campo Sujo community in the Agua Limpa Farm (FAL), Brasília-DF. Campo Sujo is a grassland Savannah with a few scattered shrubs and small trees. The climate is Aw by Köppen classification with a mean annual precipitation ...

Plants commonly rely on photoperiodism to control flowering time. Rice development before floral initiation is divided into two successive phases: the basic vegetative growth phase (BVP, photoperiod-insensitive phase) and the photoperiod-sensitive phase (PSP). The mechanism responsible for the transition of rice plants into their photoperiod-sensitive state remains elusive. Here, we show that s...