This paper examines the time course of the use of implicit verb causality and gender agreement information in determining the antecedent of a pronominal anaphor. A crossmodal probe paradigm measured the activation of candidate antecedents at four time points during comprehension. Sentences contained two participants, an implicit causality verb, and a subsequent “because”-clause (e.g.,Gary amaze...

Several theoretical accounts have been proposed with respect to the issue how quickly the implicit causality verb bias affects the understanding of sentences such as ‘‘John beat Pete at the tennis match, because he had played very well’’. They can be considered as instances of two viewpoints: the focusing and the integration account. The focusing account claims that the bias should be manifest ...

This paper investigates the relationship between total energy consumption and GDP in six countries of the Middle East , including Iran,Pakistan,Saudi Arabia,Oman,Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates. The data are annual and spanning the period 1980-2012.We employed Hsiao’s (1981) methodology to examine causality relation between total energy consumption and GDP.The empirical findings show a uni...

The main purpose of the study is to examine the causal relationship between government revenues and expenditures of the Jordan government over the period from 1990 to 2011 using Granger causality and VECM tests methodology. Which provides channels of causation between government revenues (GR) and government expenditures (GE).The empirical results show that bidirectional causality running betwee...

this study attempts to investigate the effect of oil returns and external debt on the government expenditure in syria over the period 1970-2010. the johansen cointegration test showed that oil returns and external debt have a positive and significant long run relationship with government expenditure. the granger causality test indicates unidirectional short-run causality relationships running f...