Historically, hull fouling associated with slow-moving, wooden-hulled vessels has been recognized as the primary transport mechanism responsible for the dispersal of non-indigenous marine species (NIMS) around the world and the fouling of hulls may have contributed significantly to the current patterns of bi-ogeographic distributions of many marine organisms (e.g., Carlton and Hodder, 1995). Ov...

Ballast flying problems obsess the ballasted high speed railway, its microscopic mechanics is less of discovered. In the paper, the railway ballast particle force equilibrium is analyzed through basic mechanics and mathematic formula, and a model is set up to discover the factors and influence. The microscopic ballast flying model is used for ballast bed geometry and ballast shape optimization,...

Bacterial abundance, population dynamics and related environmental parameters were determined in bal last water during a transPacific voyage from Japan to the west coast of Canada. Water samples were collected from four ballast tanks, two of which underwent mid-ocean exchange (MOE) and two that remained unexchanged (control). Bacterial abundances in the unexchanged tanks increased from ~6.4×10 ...

The spread of non-native species has been a subject of increasing concern since the 1980s when human-mediated transportation, mainly related to ships' ballast water, was recognized as a major vector for species transportation and spread, although records of non-native species go back as far as 16th Century. Ever increasing world trade and the resulting rise in shipping have highlighted the issu...

As large numbers of ships either take in ballast from or discharge their ballast into the Mumbai Harbor region, it is pertinent to quantify microorganisms of health concerns and suggest on the suitability of water for ballasting purposes. To meet with this main aim, a selected set of general and pathogenic bacterial groups and their seasonal variations were studied from the Mumbai Harbor area. ...

This study aims to present appropriate selection methods for evaluation, analysis, and comparison between different ballast water treatment technology systems in order make good decisions selecting the most optimal system. research designed a filter device on John Lie training ship prevent marine pollution due species movement through transfer process by referring D2 standard of IMO Ballast Wat...

Removal of turbidity, phytoplankton, and zooplankton from ballast water with waste-tire-made crumb rubber filtration was evaluated in this study. The influences of various design, operational, and water quality parameters (filter depth, media size, filtration rate, temperature, turbidity, running time, etc.) on filtration performance were investigated. Statistical approaches were used to develo...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143123.].

As a vector by which foreign species invade coastal and freshwater waterbodies, ballast water discharge from ships is recognized as a major environmental threat. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) drafted an international treaty establishing ballast water discharge standards based on the number of viable organisms per volume of ballast discharge for different organism size classes. C...