The goal of this work is to develop a hybrid electric vehicle model that suitable for use in dynamic programming algorithm provides the benchmark optimal control powertrain. analysis employs by backward induction determine globally solution solving energy management problem starting at final timestep and proceeding backwards time. This method requires development facing propagates wheel speed g...

In cross-country skiing races, the difference between fastest and second time can be minuscule. As in all endurance sports, requires use of energy to overcome resistive forces, this case primarily aerodynamic drag friction skis snow. Even a slight reduction either these determine outcome race. The geometry ski exerts profound influence on result flexible modern skis, camber profile gliding prop...