one-third of the people with an age over twenty have some signs of degenerated discs. however, in most of the patients the mere presence of degenerative discs is not a problem leading to pain, neurological compression, or other symptoms. this paper presents an interval type-2 fuzzy hybrid rule-based system to diagnose the abnormal degenerated discs where pain variables are represented by interv...

The publisher regrets that a correction requested by the author at the proof stage was not made. On page 23, lines 5–7 of the right column should read ‘‘That is, from a backward walking figure, shape and motion processing represented a forward and backward gait, respectively’’ instead of ‘‘That is, from a backward walking figure, shape, and motion processing represented a forward and backward g...

A major contributor to impaired locomotion post-stroke is abnormal phasing of muscle activity. While inappropriate paretic muscle phasing adapts to changing body orientation, load, and speed, it remains unclear whether paretic muscle phasing adapts to reversal of locomotor direction. We examined muscle phasing in backward pedaling, a task that requires shifts in biarticular but not uniarticular...

In this paper, we analyze an RFID identification scheme which is designed to provide forward untraceability and backward untraceability. We show that if a standard cryptographic pseudorandom bit generator (PRBG) is used in the scheme, then the scheme may fail to provide forward untraceability and backward untraceability. To achieve the desired untraceability features, the scheme can use a robus...

Backward disequilibrium is observed frequently in daily clinical practice. However, there are no epidemiological data concerning this postural disorder. Defined by a posterior position of the centre of mass with respect to the base of support, backward disequilibrium is abnormal postural behavior, usually characterized by a posterior trunk tilt in standing and sitting positions, which predispos...

The backward direction Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm (a backward SOVA) is compared with the conventional SOVA (a forward SOVA) in turbo code decoding. We find noticeable performance improvement for the backward SOVA when it is not terminated, which turns out to be due to a smaller reliability value, indicating that the termination conditions of the turbo encoder strongly affect the performance ...

La théorie des équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades étend la propriété de représentation prévisible du mouvement brownien au cadre non linéaire, offrant ainsi un analogue non-markovien aux dérivées partielles paraboliques complètement linéaires. Dans ce papier, nous considérons les EDS rétrogrades, leur version réfléchies et son extension second ordre, dans le contexte d’une donn...

in a recent editorial for this journal, el-jardali and fadlallah proposed a new framework for knowledge translation (kt) in healthcare. many such frameworks already exist; thus, new entrants to the field must be scrutinized in regard to their unique contributions to advancing understanding and practice. the el-jardali and fadlallah framework focuses on policy-level discussions, a relatively und...

The introduction of a new product generation forces incumbents in network industries to rebuild their installed base to maintain an advantage over potential entrants. We study if backward compatibility can help moderate this process of rebuilding an installed base. Using a structural model of the US market for handheld game consoles, we show that backward compatibility lets incumbents transfer ...

We examine a sequential mechanism which is a simple modification of the normal form mechanism introduced by Abreu and Matsushima (1992). We show that almost any social choice function can be virtually implemented via a finite sequential game of perfect information. The solution concept assumed is backwards induction. In particular, any social choice function that is virtually implementable via ...