A cryptocurrency is a digital currency backed by mathematics and cryptography, compared to traditional fiat money which was traditionally backed by gold or silver. The foundation of many cryptocurrencies is based on a key derivation scheme known as scrypt [3]. Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin [2], provide a means of having a decentralized, distributed, peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Thes...

We propose a model of investment, duration, and exit strategies for start-ups backed by venture capital (VC) funds that accounts for the high level of uncertainty, the asymmetry of information between insiders and outsiders, and the discount rate. Our analysis predicts that start-ups backed by corporate VC funds remain for a longer period of time before exiting and receive larger investment amo...

The Bitcoin ecosystem has grown tremendously in recent years. While the main sectors of growth and venture capital funding have been infrastructure for the Bitcoin ecosystem itself as well as financial services, there is also a more recent evolution in sectors beyond financial services. We classify the venture-capital backed start up ecosystem accordingly and present its evolution over time. Th...

This paper presents a novel compact dual-band and dual-polarized complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR)-fed substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed fractal patch antenna for wireless energy harvesting and communication. The proposed antenna is composed of a Giuseppe Peano fractal radiation patch with a backed SIW cavity. To enhance the bandwidth and minimize the dimensions, the CS...

Rosa damascena mill L., known as Gole Mohammadi in Iran is one of the most important species of Rosaceae family flowers. R. damascena is an ornamental plant and beside perfuming effect, several pharmacological properties including anti-HIV, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitussive, hypnotic, antidiabetic, and relaxant effect on tracheal chains have been reported for this plant. This article is a...

We study the use of intermediated assets as media of exchange in a neoclassical growth model. An intermediary is delegated control over productive capital and finances itself by issuing claims against the revenue generated by its operations. Unlike physical capital, intermediated claims are assumed to be liquid—they constitute a form of asset-backed money. The intermediary is assumed to control...

The characteristics of dielectric backed planar conducting layers of arbitrarily shaped in a rectangular waveguide are calculated by means of coupled integral equation technique (CIET) which accurately takes higher order mode interactions. Equivalent structures for the accurate analysis whole structure are introduced in which magnetic surface currents are identified as the unknowns at the apert...

The Web Ontology Language (OWL) provides a modelling paradigm that is especially well suited for developing models of large, structurally complex domains such as those found in Health Care and the Life Sciences. OWL's declarative nature combined with powerful reasoning support has effectively supported the development of very large and complex anatomy, disease, and clinical ontologies. OWL, how...

Although many directive antennas operating in a narrow band of millimeter (mm) waves were reported, e.g., antennas for 60GHz wireless local area network (WLAN), their wideband counterparts are still unpopular. Cavity-backed antennas (CBAs) are widely developed and reported in microwave frequency bands, but handful of literatures can be found about mm-wave CBAs in spite that their many propertie...

Conventional three-dimensionally (3D) chiral media can exhibit optical activity for transmitted waves, but optical activity for reflected waves is negligible. This work shows that mirror asymmetry of the experimental arrangement extrinsic 3D chirality leads to giant optical activity for reflected waves with fundamentally different characteristics. It is demonstrated experimentally that extrinsi...