The ability to detect nanosecond backbone dynamics with site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) in soluble proteins has been well established. However, for membrane proteins, the nitroxide appears to have more interactions with the protein surface, potentially hindering the sensitivity to backbone motions. To determine whether membrane protein backbone dynamics could be mapped with SDSL, a nitroxide...

Backbone-based broadcast schemes are effective in alleviating the broadcast storm problem in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, periodically hello packets used to maintain a backbone usually lead to extra control overhead. In this paper, passive tree-based backbone construction scheme (PTBCS) is proposed as a backbone construction scheme for MANETs. Different from other schemes, each nod...

The Mobile Backbone Network (MBN) architecture has been introduced to support multimedia applications for mobile adhoc wireless network. Under the MBN architecture, backbone nodes are dynamically elected to construct a mobile backbone network (Bnet). The MBN employs Mobile Backbone Network Routing with Flow Control (MBNR-FC) mechanism. It reduces the routing control overhead by selectively floo...