In December 2019, COVID-19, a novel strain of the SARS-2 Virus, appeared in Wuhan, China. Within year, over ninety million people had been infected and two died. Amid all death desolation, humanity’s ingenuity willpower emerged what became greatest race for vaccine world ever seen. The global community sought to find ways protect innovation intellectual property while still collaborating roll o...

Over the past two decades, the role of intellectual property rights in all areas of science and technology has exploded globally– primarily due to the rules prescribed by the World Trade Organization’s TRIPS and by bilateral/regional trade agreements. The TRIPS agreement obligates all WTO member countries to adopt and enforce minimum standards of intellectual property rights. The TRIPS agreemen...

<p>Although China has already issued laws and regulations on compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents, it not yet implemented specific practices. After the outbreak “COVID-19”, realistic needs have made urgent for to implement drug patent licensing. Therefore, this study will be based China’s national conditions, combined with compare practices in other countries. Through qualitativ...

Pakistan is a poor country where poverty stands at 78.4% when World Bank utilized the upper middle income rate ($5.5 per day) translating 179 million people. How such people can afford expensive medicines they are even not able to feed themselves for satisfying their hunger. On other hand, prices of have risen 80% in last four years. Such unjustified price hike caused by many factors including ...

As an internationally standardized product nomenclature, the Harmonized System (HS) is used by WTO Members in their schedules of concessions and in the definitions of product coverage for a number of WTO agreements. The Harmonized System is normally amended by the World Customs Organization every four to six years. These amendments pose considerable challenges for the WTO and its Members. On th...

Over the past two decades, the role of intellectual property rights in all areas of science and technology has exploded globally– primarily due to the rules prescribed by the World Trade Organization’s TRIPS and by bilateral/regional trade agreements. The TRIPS agreement obligates all WTO member countries to adopt and enforce minimum standards of intellectual property rights. The TRIPS agreemen...