This review article outlines the current development of emerging treatment strategies for primary central nervous system lymphoma, a rare brain tumor with, thus far, limited therapeutic options. Small molecule targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and immune checkpoint inhibitors will be discussed. The mechanisms action, results completed clinical studies, ongoing trials...

primary non-hodgkin’s lymphoma of the cranial vault is extremely rare. this case report presents a 42-year-old man with a painless subcutaneous scalp mass which extended intracranially associated with recent mild headache. initial computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed two lesions emanating from the skull. biopsy revealed a diagnosis of diffuse large b cell lymphoma (dlbcl)...

background: cd19 is a pan b cell marker that is recognized as an attractive target for antibody-based therapy of b-cell disorders including autoimmune disease and hematological malignancies. the object of this study was to stably express the human cd19 antigen in the murine nih-3t3 cell line aimed to be used as an immunogen in our future study. methods: total rna was extracted from raji cells i...

Plasminogen activating inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is classically known as an angiogenesis promoting factor that associated with poor clinical outcomes in various cancers, including skin cancer such cutaneous melanomas. Cutaneous angiosarcoma (CAS) a vascular tumor histologically characterized by detachment of endothelial cell-derived cells. Since CAS expresses multiple angiogenic growth factors and ha...

Activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway contributes to the initiation and maintenance of B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases. The Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) is specifically required for BCR signaling as demonstrated by human and mouse mutations that disrupt Btk function and prevent B-cell maturation at steps that require a functional BCR pathway. Herein we de...

abstract background and objective: highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) can effectively prevent the progression of hiv-1 replication and increase life expectancy. there are numerous causes of treatment failure and the leading one is drug resistance. thus, we aimed to determine the hiv rt gene drug resistance mutations in patients treated with antiretroviral medications. material and met...

Recent clinical data suggest remarkable activity of ibrutinib, the first-in-class covalent inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), as well as excellent activity in other B cell malignancies, including in particular mantle cell lymphoma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. This review evaluates the data from ongoing clinical and correlative studies of ib...

Precursor B cell production from bone marrow in mice and humans declines with age. Because the mechanisms behind are still unknown, we studied five precursor B cell subsets (ProB, PreBI, PreBII large, PreBII small, immature B) and their differentiation-stage characteristic gene expression profiles in healthy individual toddlers and middle-aged adults. Notably, the composition of the precursor B...