Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder belonging to a heterogeneous group of disorders with α-synuclein pathology and PD dementia. Hypoestoxide is being developed to combat microgliosis, astrogliosis, loss of dopaminergic neurons, motor behavioral deficits and α-synuclein pathology in PD.

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative closely related to the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) one proteins that play role in aggravation AD. Decreased concentration GDF11 disrupts regenerative nervous system, blood vessels, and various vital systems. Low levels with age can be overcome recombinant (rGDF11) rejuvenate effect. ...

Intoxication with Solanum bonariense in cattle causes cerebellar cortical degeneration with perikaryal vacuolation, axonal swelling, and death primarily of Purkinje cells, with accumulation of electron-dense residual storage bodies in membrane-bound vesicles. The pathogenesis of this disease is not fully understood. Previously, we proposed that inhibition of protein synthesis in Purkinje cells ...

Excitotoxic damage represents the major mechanism leading to cell death in many human neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemia, trauma and epilepsy. Caused by an excess of glutamate that acts on metabotropic and ionotropic excitatory receptors, excitotoxicity activates several death signaling pathways leading to an extensive neuronal loss and a consequent strong activation of astrogliosis. C...

A hallmark of persistent HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system is increased activation of mononuclear phagocytes and surrounding astrogliosis, conferring persistent HIV-induced inflammation. This inflammation is believed to result in neuronal dysfunction and the clinical manifestations of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The Jak/STAT pathway is activated in macrophages/my...

In this study we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of chronic ethanol (EtOH) treatment on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated C6 glioma cells. The cells were chronically treated with 200mM EtOH; coincubation with LPS and EtOH was obtained upon addition of 2μg/ml LPS to the incubation medium in the last 24h of EtOH exposure. We found that EtOH prevented the LPS-induced production of tum...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction is a common and serious complication after radiation therapy of brain tumor, yet knowledge of its mechanism is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to establish a young rat model for acute radiation encephalopathy, at both cognitive and pathologic levels, induced by fractionated irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four-week...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The sensitivity of fetal MR imaging is poor with regard to the evaluation of diffuse ischemic white matter (WM) abnormalities. Our purpose was to evaluate the contribution of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the analysis of microstructural changes in WM and to correlate neuroimaging with neurofetopathologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included fetuses with MR ...