Our observations show that extreme uplift in southeast Alaska began about 1770 AD, with relative sea level (RSL) change to 5.7 m and current uplift rates to 32 mm/yr. This region experienced widespread glacial melting following the Little Ice Age (LIA), with the collapse of the Glacier Bay Icefield alone equivalent to 8 mm of global sea level rise. Geodynamic modelling links the uplift to post-...

This paper looks at the challenges confronting plate tectonics— the ruling paradigm in the earth sciences. The classical model of thin lithospheric plates moving over a global asthenosphere is shown to be implausible. Evidence is presented that appears to contradict continental drift, seafloor spreading, and subduction, as well as the claim that the oceanic crust is relatively young. The proble...

Apart from the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB), mid-lithospheric discontinuities (MLDs) in thick and old continental lithospheres appear to play an important role global plate tectonics. Initiation of intra-continental subduction, delamination lower lithospheric mantle removal cratonic roots are likely occur along MLDs. Here we introduce ‘pargasosphere’ hypothesis which could account f...

Abstract The disruption of the mantle roots cratons is common after cratonization. Craton destruction, which characterized by severe lithospheric thinning, extensive thrust and extensional deformation, basin filling, intense thermal activities, relatively rare generally attributed to intensely reduced viscosity contrasts between root underlying asthenosphere. However, extent required contrast r...