Side effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) still remain a formidable issue for patients globally. In resource-limited settings, side effects are a major risk for lack of treatment adherence. Diarrhea remains one of the leading side effects seen in ART, and it contributes significantly to lack of treatment adherence in patients experiencing it. Historically, diarrhea in HIV-positive patients w...

In a prospective study carried out in two urban centers in northeastern Brazil, 195 HEp-2-adherent Escherichia coli strains were isolated; 110 were identified as the only pathogen in stools of children with diarrhea, and 85 were from controls. Enteropathogenic E. coli isolates were identified in 21 children with diarrhea (8.9%) and 7 children without diarrhea (3.0%), and they were significantly...

OBJECTIVES To review and summarize the status of diagnosis, epidemiology, infection control, and treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD). DIAGNOSIS A case definition of CDAD should include the presence of symptoms (usually diarrhea) and at least one of the following positive tests: endoscopy revealing pseudomembranes, stool cytotoxicity test for toxin B, stool enzyme immu...

Copyright © 2014 Massachusetts Medical Society. I n the United States, approximately 179 million cases of acute diarrhea occur each year, amounting to 0.6 bouts per person per year. In one study, the estimated prevalence of diarrhea among adults the month before questioning was 3 to 7%, with the rate dependent on age, and 8% among children 5 years of age or younger.1 A similar rate of acute dia...

Probiotics have preventive as well as curative effects on several types of diarrhea of different etiologies. Prevention and therapy (or alleviation) of diarrhea have been successfully investigated for numerous dietary probiotics to establish probiotic properties and to justify health claims (the medicinal use of probiotic food and the therapy of gastrointestinal diseases itself may not be adver...

background diarrheal infections are responsible for over a quarter of all childhood mortality worldwide. the present study was performed to establish risk factors for hospitalization of children with diarrhea in shahrekord, iran. materials and methods for this case-control study, cases were selected through children hospitalized due to acute diarrhea lasting less than 14 days and controls were ...

Structure determination using the single isomorphous replacement (SIR) or single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) methods with weak derivatives remains very challenging. In a recent structure determination of glycoprotein E2 from bovine viral diarrhea virus, three isomorphous uranium-derivative data sets were merged to obtain partially interpretable initial experimental maps. Small differ...