The 1996 welfare reform legislation expanded the use of sanctions under the assumption that welfare recipients can comply with work requirements and that they can calculate the costs and benefits of compliance. This research tests the validity of these assumptions through a recordand survey-based study of California welfare recipients. The article questions the validity of the assumptions, find...

Various tax policies provide consumers with forms of insurance. Social security has the payoff characteristics of an annuity. The income tax provides consumers with a degree of Income insurance because the government shares part of the individual's income risk. Redistributive taxes can be used to spread aggregate income risks across different generations The effects of these and other tax polic...

Currently, the increasing number of article submissions to scientific journals forces editors to be more selective in their acceptance of papers. Consequently, editors have increased the frequency of their use of scientific referee mechanisms. For many researchers, the publication of a scientific article in a high impact factor journal is a gradual and difficult process. After preparation and s...

The goals of this paper are to assess feasibility of using total concentration (TPC) of phytoliths in modern soils and morphotypes in soil assemblages to infer paleovegetation cover and composition. We sampled from undisturbed grassland sites with different values of shrub and grass cover in the Columbia Basin, interior Pacific Northwest, USA. Phytolith concentration in soils were measured and ...

Amantadine has been used for decades as an inhibitor of the influenza A virus M2 protein (AM2) in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A infections, but its clinical use has been limited by its central nervous system (CNS) side effects as well as emerging drug-resistant strains of the virus. With the goal of searching for new classes of M2 inhibitors, a structure-activity relation study b...

We report the results of observations of the black hole binaries XTE J1550−564 and H 1743−322 in their quiescent state using the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Both sources are detected at their faintest level of X-ray emission ever observed with a 0.5–10 keV unabsorbed luminosity of 2 × 10 32 (d/5 kpc) 2 erg s −1 for XTE J1550−564 and 9 × 10 31 (d/8 kpc) 2 erg s −1 for H 1743−322. These luminositi...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of dual-taper modular implants following impaction forces delivered at varying locations as measured by the distraction forces required to disassemble the components. METHODS Distraction of the head-neck and neck-stem (NS) tapers of dual-taper modular implants with 0°, 8°, and 15° neck angles were measured utilizing a custo...

American Studies is an academic discipline whose object of study is the United States of America and everything associated with it, and American sociologists largely ignore it. American Studies largely ignores American sociology. What causes this mutual exclusion? An outline of the disciplinary history of American Studies and journal article citation data show that the relationship between soci...

A drug that can improve your exam results may sound tempting, and John Harris believes that we should embrace its possibilities. Anjan Chatterjee, however, argues that the dangers have been underplayed Disciplines Bioethics and Medical Ethics | Medicine and Health Sciences Comments Chatterjee A. Head to Head: Is it acceptable for people to take methylphenidate to enhance performance? British Me...