A type-2 interval generalizing fuzzy model is proposed for monitoring complex systems’ states. set-theoretic approach to generalize the results of models with membership functions. The study correspondence expert assessments output value over observation presented. Examples use in task conditions an artesian well are given. It shown that order improve quality decisions made, needs pay attention...

The UK has a wide variety of hypogenic caves, including transverse maze caves, relict hydrothermal caves, gypsum mazes and hypogenic karst associated with water rising up deep thrust faults. While few of these are particularly extensive, they offer insights into the mechanisms of speleogenesis and mineralisation. The best developed hypogenic caves in the UK are in the Carboniferous limestones o...

Chloride (Cl), stable isotope ratios of water (dO and dH), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), tritium (H), carbon-14 (C), noble gases (He, Ne, and Ar), and hydrometry were used to characterize groundwater-surface water interactions, in particular infiltration rates, for the Lower Namoi River (New South Wales, Australia). The study period (four sampling campaigns between November 2009 and November 2011)...

Abstract This paper investigates sources of early signs nitrate pollution in a karst aquifer and major spring. Te Waikoropupu Springs are the largest springs New Zealand amongst Southern Hemisphere with mean outflow 13.4 m 3 /s. They discharge clearest water ever recorded from spring, but warning quality deterioration is signalled by increasing concentrations. The partly artesian 2.85 km volume...

Production landscapes depend on, but also affect, ecosystem services. In the Rejoso watershed (East Java, Indonesia), uncontrolled groundwater use for paddies reduces flow of lowland pressure-driven artesian springs that supply drinking water to urban stakeholders. Analysis balance suggested decline by about 30% in spring discharge past decades is attributed 47 and 53%, respectively, upland deg...

OBJECTIVE Long-term arsenic exposure has been reported to associated with prevalence, incidence, and mortality of diabetes mellitus (DM). A tap water supply system was implemented in the early 1960s in the blackfoot disease (BFD) endemic areas. The objective of this study is to examine whether DM mortality decreased after the improvement of drinking water supply system through elimination of ar...

The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) of Australia underlies some of the driest parts of South Australia and Queensland and feeds numerous freshwater springs. Prominent and endangered components of the GAB spring community are snails of the family Hydrobiidae. This paper examines the evolutionary relationships of the entire hydrobiid fauna associated with the GAB, and includes appropriate non-GAB spec...