Logic plays a fundamental role in Kant’s transcendental philosophy. The general presupposition is that Kant’s logic can be subsumed under the Aristotelian tradition. However, with respect to this presupposition some problems arise in Kant’s philosophy. This thesis takes a new approach to Kant’s logic: Instead of imposing a logical framework on Kant’s thought this thesis aims at deriving the log...

There are, familiarly, a range of distinct and competing accounts of the methodological underpinnings of Menger's work. These include Leibnizian, Kantian, Millian, and even Popperian readings; but they include also readings of an Aristotelian sort, and I have myself made a number of contributions in clarification and defense of the latter. I Not only, I have argued, does the historical situatio...

This paper discusses the problem of definition of disease in formal ontologies. We argue that different conditions usually regarded as disease have no common exclusive intrinsic property, due to their ontologically heterogeneous nature. We maintain that being a disease depends on social circumstances. From a purely ontological view it is hard to accept. Still our proposed model can be used in f...

He was more analytic than Hippocrates in his dissertations, concerning the description of the diseases and pathological conditions, attempting to associate the clinical medicine with the experimental investigation [5]. Galen as an author was very productive. His extensive work covered almost every scientific and philosophical field. He composed more than five hundred dissertations on anatomy, m...

The well known Aristotelian syllogistic system consists of 256 moods. We have found earlier that 136 moods are distinct in terms of equal truth ratios that range in τ=[0,1]. The truth ratio of a particular mood is calculated by relating the number of true and false syllogistic cases the mood matches. A mood with truth ratio is a fuzzy-syllogistic mood. The introduction of (n-1) fuzzy existentia...

Reasoning by interrogation is one of the most ancient and experimented ways of reasoning. Originated by the Aristotelian elenchus, it has been used for many purposes, such as the resolution of mathematical and daily problems [25], [26], the discovery of new knowledge [19], [34], [36], the realization of questioning/answering processes [23]. In this paper we present the conceptual foundations of...

Perception, cognition, and higher cognitive abilities of the mind are considered here within a neural modeling fields (NMF) paradigm. Its fundamental mathematical mechanism is a process “from vaguefuzzy to crisp,” called dynamic logic. The chapter discusses why this paradigm is necessary mathematically, and relates it to a psychological description of the mind. Surprisingly, the process from “v...

An ortho器1gebra, which is a natural generalization of an orthomodular I器ttice or po制, may be 咐附d 在s a "Iogic" or "proposition system" and, under a well精 defined set of circumstan仅锐地 element嚣 may be cJassified 在ccording to the Aristotelian modalities: 独优岱sary, impossibJe, possible, and con阳嚣~nt. The g附ssary pro韵。sitions 恼nd together to form a I侃辑1 filter, that i章. a set t如at inter脱15 every 源。ole...

Chinese ways of dealing with seeming contradictions result in a dialectical or compromise approach— retaining basic elements of opposing perspectives by seeking a “middle way.” European-American ways, on the other hand, deriving from a lay version of Aristotelian logic, result in a differentiation model that polarizes contradictory perspectives in an effort to determine which fact or position i...

Arnau de Vilanova, one of the most important physicians of the Latin Middle Ages, was familiar with the vast majority of Aristotle's works that had been translated into Latin. He used a wide range of them, such as the Organon--the introductory books on logic - and the natural philosophical books, which cover a different branches of knowledge. He used Aristotle as an authority, trying to reconci...