Stochastic independence is an idealized relationship located at one end of a continuum of values measuring degrees of dependence. Modeling real world systems, we are often not interested in the distinction between exact independence and any degree of dependence, but between weak ignorable and strong substantial dependence. Good models map signiicant deviance from independence and neglect approx...

The dynamic shortest path problem lies at the heart of within-day dynamic traffic assignment. In this paper we address the case of urban road networks with several thousands of short links, where the theoretical paradigm of diachronic graphs that underlies discrete models becomes unfeasible to apply, especially for real time instances. To overcome this limit we reject the discretization of time...

desertification refers to land degradation phenomenon in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, resulting from various factors including climate variation and human activities. for evaluation and mapping of desertification many research have been conducted leading to regional and local models. in this research, among different existing methods imdpa was selected and desertification intensity ...

The self-organising map (SOM) and its variant, visualisation induced SOM (ViSOM), have been known to yield similar results to multidimensional scaling (MDS). However, the exact connection has not been established. In this paper, a review on the SOM and its cost function and topological measures is provided first. We then examine the exact scaling effect of the SOM and ViSOM from their objective...

Botanists estimate that 80 to 90% of existing plant species have already been described and it is expected that most undescribed species are rare or narrow endemic ones. Here we map the geographical distribution of Gymnanthes boticario, a species described in 2010, and show that the species is not only widespread, but was well-collected in the Caatinga semiarid vegetation prior to its descripti...

We present sensitivity forecasts for the PAST 21cm reionization observations and compare these with the measured sensitivity of a prototype array. We discuss the likely epoch-of-reionization structures and the redshifts that can be observed, and conclude that a 10,000 antenna PAST will be able to image ionized structures with its 1 million pixel map at 6 < z < 20. The angular scales of the imag...

NICMOS observations of the complex gravitational lens system B1933+503 reveal infrared counterparts to two of the inverted spectrum radio images. The infrared images have arc-like structures. The corresponding radio images are also detected in a VLBA map made at 1.7-GHz with a resolution of 6 mas. We fail to detect two of the four inverted radio spectrum components with the VLBA even though the...

A method is proposed to enhance boundary primitives of multi-part objects of unknown specific shape and appearance in natural images. Its input is a strictly over-segmented constant-curvature contour primitive (CCP) map. Each circular arc or straight-line segment primitive from the map has an unknown origin which may be the closed boundary of a multi-part object, the textured or marked region e...

Taken 1:10000 Scale topographic map in the small watershed of Genxi River as an example, under the support of ARCVIEW and ARC/INFO software of GIS, through digitizing topographic map and other special maps to set up a spatial geodatabase. This paper forms a digital elevation model and has an analysis of slope and aspect, also discovered knowledge referenced for soil and water conservation. The ...