Abstract Inference on common parameters in panel data models with individual-specific fixed effects is a classic example of Neyman and Scott’s (Econometrica 36:1–32, 1948) incidental parameter problem (IPP). One solution to this IPP functional differencing (Bonhomme Econometrica 80(4):1337–1385, 2012), which works when the number time periods T (and may be small), but not applicable all interes...

This article describes the design of approximate array multipliers by making vertical or horizontal cuts in an accurate multiplier followed different input and output assignments within multiplier. We consider a digital image denoising application show how combinations affect quality denoised images. several for synthesis. The were described Verilog hardware description language synthesized Syn...