The neuroendocrine functions of the pineal affect a wide variety of glandular and nervous system processes. Beside melatonin (MEL), the pineal gland secretes and expresses certain proteins essential for various physiological functions. It has been suggested that the pineal gland may also have an antioxidant role due to secretory product other than MEL. Therefore, the present study was designed ...

Abstract A comparative analysis of available data suggests that metal and oxide nanoparticles widely used in plant physiology participate the regulation pro-/antioxidant balance higher plants. The dual role is shown: on one hand, they act as triggers oxidative stress and, other can counteract development improve efficiency plant’s antioxidant system. Under abiotic conditions, adaptogens, thus e...

background: elicitors can trigger defense responses and activate specific genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. objective: for understanding sa-treatment signaling pathway we determined defense-related compounds and enzymes in s. marianum hairy root cultures. methods: 28 day old hairy roots were treated by salicylic acid (6 mg/50 ml culture) for different times (24, 48, 72, 96 an...