introdouction: the mapping of ghost images of the maxilla and the nasal cavity, which are complex structures, is very important. the position of objects that create a ghost image can differ when using various devices. the purpose of this investigation was to study the mapping of ghost images of the maxilla and the nasal cavity using a cranex d digital panoramic machine. materials and methods: t...

BACKGROUND Modern microsurgical techniques enable en bloc resection of complex skull base tumors. Anterior cranial base surgery, particularly, has been associated with a high rate of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, meningitis, intracranial abscess, and pneumocephalus. We introduce simple modifications to already existing surgical strategies designed to minimize the incidence of po...

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is one of the most commonly performed procedures in spine surgery proven effective in the treatment of various cervical pathologies [1-4]. Single level ACDF is generally a safe procedure with a very good outcome carrying minimal or no complications. However, although rarely encountered, complications can arise but are generally not a source of majo...

Glaucoma refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders that involve retinal ganglion cell death, optic nerve damage, and loss of visual field. Glaucoma is a leading cause of vision loss worldwide, affecting an estimated 67 million people. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor for glaucoma. Individuals with malformations of structures of the anterior segment of the eye frequently d...

Anterior megalophthalmos is a developmental anomaly of the anterior ocular segment. This is an X-linked recessive disease and manifests as bilateral enlarged corneas, open iridocorneal angle, hypoplastic iris and dislocation and opacification of an apparently small lens. We have also observed obvious vitreoretinal degeneration in our patients. What may threaten visual acuity later is an op...

ocular lesions are a common manifestation of toxoplasmosis in cats. in this survey, 10 healthy syrianmice were infected through intraperitoneal inoculation of bradyzoites of toxoplasma gondii (tehran strain).mice were killed 30 days after inoculation and the suspension of their brains was prepared, after confirmationof the infection. seven kittens were fed with the infected mice brain suspensio...