Lower back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Discogenic pain secondary to intervertebral disc degeneration is a significant cause of low back pain. Disc degeneration is a complex multifactorial process. Animal models are essential to furthering understanding of the degenerative process and testing potential therapies. The adult human lumbar intervertebral disc is characterized ...

Animals have moral standing; that is, they have properties (including the ability to feel pain) that qualify them for the protections of morality. It follows from this that humans have moral obligations toward animals, and because rights are logically correlative to obligations, animals have rights.

Science-based assessment of animal welfare in wild and captive animals has, during the past ten years, benefited from increased interest in and research into consciousness, emotions, stress and pain. Because it is impossible to make a detailed physiological study in free-living animals, reliance must be placed on behaviour and Darwinian fitness, which have been shown to correlate to welfare. On...

Recent revisions to international legislation and guidelines on the care and use of animals in research and testing emphasise the importance of minimising suffering and improving welfare. Achieving this requires effective systems for recognising, recording, analysing and assessing animal behaviour, in order to identify relevant indicators of pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm so that any...

The issue of animal treatment has emerged as a major social concern over the past three decades. This ramified in a new ethic for animal treatment that goes beyond concern about cruelty and attempts to eliminate animal pain and suffering, whatever its source. This is evidenced by laws governing animal research in many countries. Insofar as toxicology can entail significant and prolonged animal ...

Since use of antinoceceptive chemical drugs for relief of pain has many side effects, medical plants seem very noticeable today. Previous findings indicate that Carum Carvi (CC) modulates pain in both animal and human. The present work investigated the effects of hydoalcoholic extract of CC on acute pain in Hot plate and Tail flick models. Albino mice (20-30 g) were used for this study. Hydroal...

Establishing experimental models to study neuropathic pain has been challenging due the complex mechanism underlying condition. Although in vivo have useful observation of behavioural responses, it should be acknowledged that species-to-species variance can lead differences terms molecular and genetic expression. The signal transduction using faces limitations ethical considerations involving i...

Since use of antinoceceptive chemical drugs for relief of pain has many side effects, medical plants seem very noticeable today. Previous findings indicate that Carum Carvi (CC) modulates pain in both animal and human. The present work investigated the effects of hydoalcoholic extract of CC on acute pain in Hot plate and Tail flick models. Albino mice (20-30 g) were used for this study. Hydroal...

Since use of antinociceptive chemical drugs for relief of pain have many side effects, medical plants seem very noticeable today. Previous findings indicate that Foeniculum vulgare (FV) modulates pain in both animal and human. The present work investigated the effects of Hydoalcoholic extract of FV on acute pain in Hot plate and Tail flick models. Albino mice (20-30 gr) were used for this study...