conclusions it seems that tertiary amine drugs such as amitriptyline and doxepin had reasonable potencies of spinal blockade when compared to bupivacaine. however, amitriptyline had a more potent and long-acting spinal anesthetic effect. amitriptyline may turn out to be a clinically valuable local anesthetic. results in groups 1 and 2, a total of 3 rats died. after adjusting the concentrations,...

objective- this study aimed to compare sedation efficacy in intranasal administration of xylazine, diazepam and midazolam with or without ketamine in chough. design- to determine the sedation efficacy, an experimental in vivo study was employed. animals- seven healthy choughs were examined in the current study. procedures- with an interval of one week, seven healthy adult non domesticated choug...

objective: this prospective study examined the frequency of post-dural puncture headache (pdph) in 361 parturient women undergoing spinal anesthesia for cesarean section in a teaching hospital of tehran university of medical sciences. materials and methods: spinal anesthesia was performed using 25 gauge quincke needles in all women. patients were followed up to determine incidence of pdph and t...

background: muscle relaxant agents usually use to facilitate tracheal intubation; however, sometimes limitations exist. magnesium (mg) sulfate is a candidate for muscle relaxant substitute. this study was designed to determine the effect of mg sulfate accompanied with propofol and fentanyl in patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery. materials and methods: in a double?blind randomized protocol an...

Post-operative respiratory depression is common in patients recovering from anesthesia and can result fatal cardiopulmonary collapse, anoxic brain injury, mortality. We report a case of 54-year-old morbidly obese female patient who developed transient hypoxemia after general anesthesia. The with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) underwent breast excision surgery. At the end surgery, her muscle func...

Many different receptors, ion channels, are involved in the pathophysiology of pain, which can serve as targets for adjuvant drugs. Despite advent long-acting local anesthetics, improvement their pharmacokinetics, and advanced regional anesthesia techniques, they do not fully meet need treatment especially chronic pain. In parallel with increase anesthetic power risk systemic toxicity increases...

Acupuncture anesthesia is a method of inducing an anesthetic effect through needling for a surgical operation; it was first implemented in the 1950s. It originates from Traditional Chinese Medicine and is considered one of the most important achievements in modern medicine. Acupuncture anesthesia was developed vigorously and applied widely during the 1960s and 1970s. In dentistry, most tooth ex...