In this article, we evaluated 17 Iranian soldiers who were exposed to mustard gas utilized by the Iraqi forces in the war fronts. Their clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory tests, and other parameters were carefully assessed, an attempt was made to identify a finding of prognostic significance, and patients who recovered from the acute phase were followed to determine possible long-term...

I provide an analytical review of the literature on poverty and political violence, focusing on civil war. I also consider the effects of economic inequality and education. Expectations from rational choice theories of civil war are that violence will rise as income per capita, education, and economic growth decline. This is due either to the declining opportunity cost of violence or to the dec...

although the shelling and bombing against the residential areas have been prohibited in the international law, the iraqi regime used these tools frequently to advance its military and political strategy. these attacks were escalated after the kheibar operation. this article considers the definitions and concepts of the war of the cities and then studies the trend of this war during the iran-ira...

How does civil war affect society and citizen interaction with politics? Civilians who live through warfare face numerous challenges that can have permanent effects on society even after peace is achieved. This project uses the Liberian civil wars as a case study to examine the impact of war through one channel – disruptions in education for an entire generation of children. The paper shows tha...

Djankov and Reynal Querol (2010, RESTAT) show that the level of GDP per capita has no significant effects on the risk of civil war once country fixed effects are accounted for. Therefore, they argue that the relationship between income and civil war is spurious. This paper shows that when focus is on the change, rather than on the level, of GDP per capita that the significant negative relations...