Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder that occurs due to trisomy on chromosome 21. It known relate the amyloid-beta (A4) precursor protein (APP) gene and amyloid plaques, affecting developmental processes resulting in early dementia, signifying relation Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD individuals with DS affects many aspects include memory function, social cognitive behavior. There also high li...

Abstract A key hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease is the extracellular deposition amyloid plaques composed primarily amyloidogenic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The Aβ peptide a product sequential cleavage Amyloid Precursor Protein, first step which gives rise to C-terminal Fragment (C99). Cleavage C99 by γ-secretase activity releases several lengths and Aβ42 isoform in particular has been identified as...

We reviewed the recent progress in cerebral amyloid research, especially on the amyloid ß/Α4 (Αß) peptide from results in our laboratory and those reported in the literature. Cerebral amyloid deposition is an extracellular deposition in the brain and brain blood vessels of insoluble aggregates of the Αß peptide. Isolation and sequencing of the peptide from senile plaques and cerebrovascular amy...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is neuropathologically defined by the deposition of amyloid in the form of senile plaques, congophilic angiopathy and neurofibrillary tangles (reviewed in [1]). The major constituent of both senile plaques and congophilic angiopathy is a 39–44 amino acid residue peptide, amyloid β (Aβ) [2–8]. Aβ is found, at low concentrations, as a normal constituent of biological flui...

Aluminum (Al) exposure has been reported to be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (senile dementia of Alzheimer type), although the role of Al in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease remains controversial. We examined the presence of Al in the Alzheimer's brain using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM-EDX). TEM-EDX analysis allows simultan...

Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD). There is controversy regarding the use of current diagnostic criteria for AD and whether amyloid plaques and NFTs contribute to cognitive impairment. Because AD is specific to humans, rigorous and comprehensiveclinicopathologic studies are necessary to test and refine hypotheses of AD di...

APPsw transgenic mice (Tg2576) overproducing mutant amyloid beta protein precursor (betaAPP) show substantial brain Abeta amyloidosis and behavioural abnormalities. To clarify the subsequent abnormalities, the disappearance of neurons and synapses and dystrophic neurite formation with accumulated proteins including hyperphosphorylated tau were examined. Tg2576 demonstrated substantial giant cor...

In vivo imaging of fibrillar β-amyloid deposits may assist clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), aid treatment selection for patients, assist clinical trials of therapeutic drugs through subject selection, and be used as an outcome measure. A recent phase III trial of [18F]flutemetamol positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in 106 end-of-life subjects demonstrated the ability to i...

One of the notable features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the overabundance of beta-amyloid peptides in brain fluids, leading to the formation and deposition of insoluble amyloid plaques. Previous work in this lab demonstrates that the normal choroid plexus, a primary component of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, has the capacity to remove beta-amyloid from the cerebrospinal fluid, poten...

There is considerable interest in the role of metals such as iron, copper, and zinc in amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease. However to convincingly establish their presence in plaques in vivo, a sensitive technique is required that is both quantitatively accurate and avoids isolation of plaques or staining/fixing brain tissue, since these processes introduce contaminants and redistr...