Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections cause great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide, and the emergence of new variant strains complicates disease control. The present study investigated the genetic and protectotypic features of newly emerged Korean IBV strains. A phylogenetic analysis showed that several recent isolates formed 2 different clusters (new cluster 1 and 2), w...

DISCLAIMER The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Great Lakes National Program Office funded the research described here under Grant GL975149 to the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. It has not been subjected to Agency review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency, and no official endorsement should be inferred. Reference herein to any specific commerc...

Glutamate transporters play important roles in the termination of excitatory neurotransmission and in providing cells with glutamate for metabolic purposes. In the kidney, glutamate transporters are involved in reabsorption of filtered acidic amino acids, regulation of ammonia and bicarbonate production, and protection of cells against osmotic stress.

The titled approaches were effected with various 2-substituted benzoylacetic acid oximes 3 (Beckmann) and 2-substituted malonamic acids 9 (Hofmann), their carboxyl groups being masked as a 2,4,10-trioxaadamantane unit (an orthoacetate). The oxime mesylates have been rearranged with basic Al(2)O(3) in refluxing CHCl(3), and the malonamic acids with phenyliodoso acetate and KOH/MeOH. Both routes ...

The reversal of the proteolytic cleavage of the peptide bond by proteases leads to the enzymatic peptide synthesis. In contrast to the chemical synthesis enzymes form the peptide bond without the danger of racemisation. The coupling can be conducted in aqueous buffer, no hazardous chemicals are necessary. Quite often side chain protection of the amino acids can be omitted, thus simplifying the ...

Taurine, an ubiquitary amino acid in the organism, has important physiological functions like bile salt formation, neuronal excitability regulation, immunomodulation, electrolytes homeostasis preservation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilisation, apoptosis inhibition and cell protection. This review article is focusing on the complex vasoactive influence of the sulphur-amino acid and on the poss...

Extracellular plant proteins are involved in numerous processes including nutrient acquisition, communication with other soil organisms, protection from pathogens, and resistance to disease and toxic metals. Insofar as these proteins are strategically positioned to play a role in resistance to environmental stress, biologists are interested in proteomic tools in analyzing extracellular proteins...

OBJECTIVE A significant metabolic derangement occurs in the ischaemic-reperfused heart of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery using cold blood cardioplegia. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether this effect could be reversed by complementing cold blood cardioplegia with a short terminal exposure of warm blood hyperkalaemic cardioplegia ('hot shot'). METHODS Th...

BACKGROUND Parathyroid hormone is an 84-amino acid peptide secreted by the parathyroid glands. Its physiological role is maintenance of normal serum calcium level and bone remodeling. Biological activity of this hormone is related to N-terminal 1-34 amino acids. The recombinant form of hormone (1-34) has been approved for treatment of osteoporosis from 2002. In this study, a novel fusion partne...

High-energy wavelengths in the ultraviolet-B (UVB, 280-315 nm) and the UVA (315-400-nm) portion of the spectrum are harmful to terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Interestingly, UVA is also involved in the repair of UV induced damage. Organisms living in shallow coral reef environments possess UV absorbing compounds, such as mycosporine-like amino acids, to protect them from UV radiation. While ...