We agree that as documented by literature up till 2004 many international residency programmes had faced these problems. However, they studied this issue and effectively made polices and amendments.1 Subsequently, programme directors of many US training programmes included research as one of the selection criteria.2,3 Others vary from a fixed to less inflexible implementation of this criteria.4...

DNA plays an indispensable role in modern law enforcement, and courts uniformly find that DNA extraction statutes targeting criminals satisfy the Fourth Amendment. Courts differ on which Fourth Amendment test--totality of the circumstances or special needs--ought to be employed in this context. This Note concludes that courts should apply Samson v. California's less stringent totality of the ci...

Mc'Naughten Rule is die commonest formulation for plea of insanity in most countries. Although assessment of the mental state at the time of offence is difficult, few instruments have been devised for this purpose. In the USA, efforts are being made to abolish the insanity defense and in the United Kingdom, amendments in the provisions of insanity defense have been proposed. The authors have st...

A field experimental study to determine the feasibility of sequestering dissolved selenium (Se) leached from coal-mine waste rock used an iron (Fe)-oxide amendment obtained from a mine-drainage treatment wetland. Thirty lysimeters (4.9 × 7.3 m), each containing 57.7 t (1.2-1.8 m thickness) of mine-run carbonaceous shale overburden, were installed at the Hobet mine in southeastern West Virginia....

This Note explores the conflict over whether a prisoner must suffer more than de minimis injury to sustain an Eighth Amendment excessive force claim. It examines this conflict against the backdrop of the various standards the U.S. Supreme Court adopted in its Eighth Amendment prison conditions jurisprudence between 1976 and 1992, principally focusing on the 1992 Hudson v. McMillian decision. Mo...

We investigate the differential effects of open versus closed amendment rules within the framework of a distributive model of legislative bargaining. The data show that there are longer delays in distributing beneÞts and a more egalitarian distribution of beneÞts under the open amendment rule, the proposer gets a larger share of the beneÞts than coalition members under both rules, and play conv...

Time needed to report surveillance data within the public health service delays public health actions. The amendment to the infection protection act (IfSG) from 29 March 2013 requires local and state public health agencies to report surveillance data within one working day instead of one week. We analysed factors associated with reporting time and evaluated the IfSG amendment. Local reporting t...

he Referendum on the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution, held on J . 8th September, 1983, endorsed by a two-to-one majority the insertion into the Constitution of Ireland a clause concerning the right to life of the unborn. A feature of the poll that has attracted considerable attention was the low turnout. Only 54.6 per cent of the electorate voted in the Referendum, and the high abstention ...