Scarab beetles exhibit an astonishing variety of rigid exo-skeletal outgrowths, known as "horns". These traits are often sexually dimorphic and vary dramatically across species in size, shape, location, and allometry with body size. In many species, the horn exhibits disproportionate growth resulting in an exaggerated allometric relationship with body size, as compared to other traits, such as ...

Abstract The objective of this study is to tree biomass and forest carbon stocks contained in the Tangkoko Nature Reserve (TNR) North Sulawesi. Phylogenetic diversity was analysed based on species composition weighted by aboveground biomass. A stratified systematic sampling used across transect lines. Field measurements follow method described SNI 7724:2019 ground-based accounting. Based allome...

Anurognathids are a clade of non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs with generally conservative morphology, but specializations as insectivores. They represented by disparate collection adult and juvenile specimens that range in wingspan from ∼0.24–1 m. There have been concerns about the extent to which ontogenetic variation might affect phylogenetic inference, indeed how aspects their ontogeny relate d...

BACKGROUND Peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)) can be defined as the highest oxygen rate consumed during exhaustive or maximal exercise. The evaluation of the aerobic fitness can be expressed as relative to body mass, but this procedure may not fully remove differences when heavy subjects are assessed. Thus, the allometric scaling procedure is an attractive strategy to compare individuals with large...

Sexual dimorphism is a widespread feature in the Animal Kingdom. In lizards of Sceloporus grammicus complex, studies sexual that analyze allometric trajectories body traits remain unexplored. Here we investigate key phenotypic traits, including size (snout-vent length, SVL) as well head length (HL), width (HW), and forearm (FL). We use an approach to detect differences scale relationships among...

Metabolic rate of living organisms (energy produced per unit time) increases slower than organisms' mass. This phenomenon, when applied to different taxa, is called interspecific allometric scaling. Its causes remain unknown. Here we show that interspecific allometric scaling for multicellular organisms occurred as the result of evolution of organisms within the food chain, and certain mechanic...

Nonlinear regression is increasingly used to develop allometric equations for forest biomass estimation (i.e., as opposed to the traditional approach of logtransformation followed by linear regression). Most statistical software packages, however, assume additive errors by default, violating a key assumption of allometric theory and possibly producing spurious models. Here, we show that such mo...

this research develops an allometric model for estimation of biomass based on the height and dbh of trees in the hyrcanian forests of iran. an accurate allometric model reduces the uncertainty of allometric equation in biomass estimation using radar images. in this study, 317 trees were selected randomly from the 4 different dominant tree species for the development of an allometric model cover...

The widespread and complex ecogeographical diversity of macaques may have caused adaptive morphological convergence among four phylogenetic subgroups, making their phylogenetic relationships unclear. We used geometric morphometrics and multivariate analyses to test the null hypothesis that craniofacial morphology does not vary with ecogeographical and phylogenetic factors. As predicted by Bergm...