The production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well adipocyte differentiation fat accumulation in the 3T3-L1 mouse embryo fibroblast cell line human monocytic THP-1 were measured to determine antiadipogenic effects ethanolic extracts verjuice (unripe grape juice (Vitis vinifera L.)), Salvia officinalis L., Alchemilla vulgaris L. On both lines, three had much greater cyto...

Open Access-This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the source is credited. Since the start of the modern era of prosthetic surgery, pros-thetic joint infections (PJIs) have been a predominant and most feared complication. Reduction of PJI has...

This review discusses the attempts that have been made by geologists to numerically simulate the evolution of microstructures in rocks. The strengths and weaknesses of the differing techniques are compared and equivalent materials science results are included. In particular we focus on the application of techniques that have been used to predict texture development, grain boundary geometries, d...

We review the resolution currently available with seismic tomography, in particular the ability of seismic waves to image mantle plumes, and discuss frequently asked questions about artifacts, interpretation and possible systematic errors. These aspects are discussed in more detail for two case histories offering different problems in the tomographic interpretation: Iceland and Hawaii. Regional...

Plio–Pleistocene (3.4–0.125 Ma) post-plateau magmatism in the Meseta del Lago Buenos Aires (MLBA; 46.7jS) in southern Patagonia is linked with the formation of asthenospheric slab windows due to ridge collision along the Andean margin f 6 Ma ago. MLBA post-plateau lavas are highly alkaline (43–49% SiO2; 5–8% Na2O+K2O), relatively primitive (6–10% MgO) mafic volcanics that have strong OIB-like g...

The Azores archipelago is a classic expression of a hotspot that has interacted with a mid-ocean ridge. A variety of geochemical studies and geophysical observations point to the influence of some sort of mantle plume on the formation of the Azores Plateau and the adjacent Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), but the mantle structure beneath the Azores has not heretofore been imaged tomographically at a s...

Hydrogen concentration gradients reported in olivines from several peridotite xenoliths (Demouchy, 2004; Peslier and Luhr, 2006) have been interpreted as evidence of hydrogen loss during ascent to the surface. However, a review of hydrogen diffusion data in anhydrous minerals (Ingrin and Blanchard, 2006) provides new constraints on the possible origin of these heterogeneities. The amount of hyd...

The elemental defense hypothesis proposes that some plants hyperaccumulate toxic elements as a defense mechanism. In this study the effectiveness of selenium (Se) as an arthropod deterrent was investigated under field conditions. Arthropod loads were measured over two growing seasons in Se hyperaccumulator habitats in Colorado, USA, comparing Se hyperaccumulator species (Astragalus bisulcatus a...