Well-known examples such as Bar-Hillel's (1960) "The box is in the pen" illustrate that extensive semantic analysis is necessary to resolve ambiguities that must be resolved in machine translation. If one accepts the premise that semantics should be added to the analysis techniques used in machine translation, what is the way in which it should be added? This paper will argue for an integrated ...

syntax complexity and various ideas of syntax proponents created challenges to teaching it from first centuries of arabic language development. therefore, most of scholars attempted to resolve problems planning new models and compilation of new effects. one of them include of ehyah al-nahw that is written by ebrahim mostafa in 1937. publieation of this book leads to create challenges to opposit...

syntax is not sufficiently abstract Parse trees take no account of variable binding. ∫ x 0 (∫ y 1 xy dx )

In this paper, we present a method for describing the syntax and semantics of viewcharts. Viewcharts is a visual formalism for describing the dynamic behavior of system components. We define the syntax of viewcharts as attributed graphs and, based on this graph, describe dynamic semantics of viewcharts by object mapping automata. This approach covers many important constructs of viewcharts, inc...

The year is 2002 and here we are at a symposium on Foundations and the Ontological Quest. The first thing to say is how bleak the present situation is. In foundational studies of mathematics and physics we have been stuck for seventy years; despite numerous books, articles, and meetings, there has been no real progress. Seventy years ago Gödel established his incompleteness theorem [1], destroy...

In recent years, formal methods have been used as an important tool for performance evaluation and verification of a wide range of systems. In the view points of engineers and practitioners, however, there are still some major difficulties in using formal methods. In this paper, we introduce a new formal modeling language to fill the gaps between object-oriented programming languages (OOPLs) us...

In recent years, formal methods have been used as an important tool for performance evaluation and verification of a wide range of systems. In the view points of engineers and practitioners, however, there are still some major difficulties in using formal methods. In this paper, we introduce a new formal modeling language to fill the gaps between object-oriented programming languages (OOPLs) us...

The purpose of this appendix is to introduce (in a compact manner) the syntax and semantics of the most prominent DLs occurring in this handbook. More information and explanations as well as some less familiar DLs can be found in the respective chapters. For DL constructors whose semantics cannot be described in a compact manner, we will only introduce the syntax and refer the reader to the res...

Within the context of (software) language engineering, language descriptions are considered first class citizens. One of the ways to describe languages is by means of a metamodel, which represents the abstract syntax of the language. Unfortunately, in this process many language engineers forget the fact that a language also needs a concrete syntax and a semantics. In this paper I argue that nei...