Proprietary standardization seeks to increase a firm’s market share (pie sharing). Open standardization seeks to increase the size of the market (pie expansion). In order to determine which of these creates more value for a firm involved in standardization, this paper investigates the market value of standardization initiatives, using an event study based on 148 XML schema standardization initi...

Standardization of photography in plastic surgery is fundamental for pre-operative surgical planning, comparative post-operative assessment, and demonstration of surgical results.1 In rhinoplasty, slight changes in patient or camera position can lessen nasal hump, vary nose size, and alter skin tension.2 In order to prevent these common errors, photographic standardization with high-quality equ...

Developmental differences between working and long-term associative memory were evaluated through a cross-sectional age difference study based on data from a memory battery's standardization sample. The scores of 856 children and adolescents ranging from 5 to 17 years of age were compared on memory subtests that assess verbal working and long-term memory. Data were examined using curve fitting ...

background: standardization of the semen analysis may improve reproducibility. we assessed variability between laboratories in semen analyses and evaluated whether a transformation using z scores and regression statistics was able to reduce this variability. materials and methods: we performed a retrospective cohort study. we calculated between-laboratory coefficients of variation (cvb) for spe...