universality and repeatability. And its inherent social, historical, mankind’s and cultural meanings have potential dangers of being destructed. With the coming of industrial revolution, vigorous practice activities of industrial technology transform this possibility into reality. With the proceeding of modernity movement, rationality degenerates into a suppressing force and dominating method g...

Higher education in the fourth industrial revolution (HE 4.0) is a complex, dialectical and exciting opportunity which can potentially transform society for the better. The fourth industrial revolution is powered by artificial intelligence and it will transform the workplace from tasks based characteristics to the human centred characteristics. Because of the convergence of man and machine, it ...

The future of manufacturing is here, compliments of intelligent machines that enable people, processes, products and infrastructure to seamlessly coordinate, creating finished goods that are more time-and cost-efficient to produce — and meet, if not exceed, customer expectations.

During the past two decades, Robert Allen’s researches into English agriculture have fundamentally reshaped our understanding of the nature and pace of rising agricultural productivity between the late middle ages and the 19th century. More recently, Allen has turned his attention to the study of real wages as a measure of economic development and begun investigating the progress of wages in ot...

Recent thinking about the Industrial Revolution has been dominated by the idea that the driving force in events in Britain after 1760 was an unprecedented set of technological advances, spread across a wide range of sectors in the economy. Cotton textiles, iron and steel production, mechanical power sources, shipping, railways and agriculture all saw significant advances and together these more...

Did innovations in core processes during the Industrial Revolution tend to generate innovations in downstream technologies? Here a theoretical model examines the effect of a political shock in a non-innovating society in which there is high potential willingness to cooperate. The result is regional specialization in the innovation process by degree of cooperation. Tests with a Poisson specifica...

Societies before the Industrial Revolution were dependent on the annual cycle of plant photosynthesis for both heat and mechanical energy. The quantity of energy available each year was therefore limited, and economic growth was necessarily constrained. In the Industrial Revolution, energy usage increased massively and output rose accordingly. The energy source continued to be plant photosynthe...