The Russian bacteriologist Metchnikov described the mac-rophage for the first time in the late 19th century. 1 For his extraordinary contributions to the then burgeoning field of immunology, he was one of the recipients of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology. The etymology of the word macrophage, built from the roots makros and phagein, lends insights into the earliest understanding ...

10 years with the development of new genetic techniques more than 100 mutations in various genes were found to be associated with primary immunodeficiencies entities. It should be noted that in some diseases several hundreds of patients were found, while in others only few children were discovered, thus applying that we are dealing with rare situations. Using the same genetic techniques a new c...

Since quinolones are synthetic antibiotics, it was predicted that mutations in target genes would be the only mechanism through which resistance could be acquired, because there will not be quinolone-resistance genes in nature. Contrary to this prediction, a variety of elements ranging from efflux pumps, target-protecting proteins, and even quinolone-modifying enzymes have been shown to contrib...

Although antibodies against EGFR and HER2 are used to treat cancer, only some patients respond and resistance often emerges. Jacobsen and colleagues present in this issue experimental evidence favoring replacement of the currently applied monoclonal antibodies with oligoclonal mixtures of six synergistic antibodies, simultaneously engaging EGFR, HER2, and also HER3.

Studies show that acidosis is a very significant disorder of cattle. Studies in Wisconsin found that 20.1 and 23% of cows had subacute acidosis as defined by rumen pH < 5.5 (Oetzel et al., 1999, Oetzel, 2004) and others in Ireland had 11% (O'Grady et al., 2008). A large Australian study found that 10% of dairy cows less than 100 days in milk had acidosis, as defined by assessment of ruminal VFA...

So, what is ‘One Health’? How does this concept help us think through, and perhaps solve, public health problems? One Health places disease, particularly infection, in a broad ecological context. Many agents of infection target hosts beyond humans, and One Health seeks to understand and explain the public health implications of broad host ranges. OneHealth is a modern restatement of the old epi...

As in many other medical specialties, cardiac surgery is exploring its boundaries. The patient population scheduled for cardiac surgery is aging, and the surgical procedures are becoming more complex, leading to significant comorbidity. In addition, the myocardium is often poorly functioning; cardiac remodeling resulting from myocardial ischemic events or longstanding volume and/or pressure ove...

Anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPAs) are the major autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies are directed against different citrullinated antigens, including filaggrin, fibrinogen, vimentin, and collagen. Presence of ACPA is associated with joint damage and extra-articular manifestations, suggesting that ACPAs are most likely pathogenic ...