Background: Smoking is one of the major modifiable non-communicable disease risk factors. Our aim was to report the pattern of active and passive smoking using the data collected through a population base household survey in Kerman, Iran. Methods: Given a cluster random sampling design, we recruited 5900 adult populations (15-75 years old) into a survey. After consenting, every participant was ...

Legislation to control smoking in public places should be considered across the world, researchers have said, after a study concluded that such action could save considerable numbers of young lives. That view is based on the study’s finding that the number of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in England fell by around 1500 in the first four years after smoke-free legislation was introduced in 200...

This case-control analysis presents odds ratios for active and passive cigarette smoke exposure and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of levels II and III (CIN II and CIN Ill) while controlling for confounders. From 1987 to 1988, 103 biopsy-conformed incident cases of CIN II or Ill and 268 controls with normal cervical cytology were enrolled. Seventy % of cases were cigarette smokers, while on...

Background Despite a multitude of anti-smoking campaigns being active worldwide, the number of smokers is currently larger than at any other time in human history. An essential first step towards minimizing the health effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) is to accurately assess the exposure level of individuals. The objectives of this study were to: (i) to develop questionnaires that can identify ...

The deleterious effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are well established. Both active and passive smoking represent a major health hazard for both men and women. The great concerns related to the deleterious effects of CS on cardiovascular disease have been translated into various kinds of social interventions and targeted health policies since ever. The hi...

Previous studies have shown that exposure of Swiss 3T3 cells to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) trapped in phosphate-buffered saline (smoke-bubbled PBS) resulted in the expression of stress response genes, i.e. haem oxygenase and c-fos, partial inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, as well as partial depletion of the cellular glutathione (GSH) pool. Using c-fos gene expression in Swiss 3...

Functional biological markers of environmental exposures are important in epidemiological studies of disease risk. Such markers not only provide a measure of the exposure, they also reflect the degree of physiological and biochemical response to the exposure. In an observational study, using DNA microarrays, we show that it is possible to distinguish between 85 individuals exposed and unexposed...

In cigarette smoke-induced and inflammation-associated lung cancer development, cigarette smoke extract (CSE) activates tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion from macrophages. TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE), also known as α-Secretase or ADAM17 (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease), is a member of the ADAM family of metalloproteases. TACE mediated ectodomain shedding leads to the conversio...

The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions, experiences, and behaviors of health care providers (HCPs) after the implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free policy. This qualitative descriptive study, using semi-structured interviews, was conducted with 28 HCPs working in a Canadian hospital. Four overarching themes emerged from the analysis including (a) greater support for tobacco ...