Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is an extensively used, high-throughput method to analyze transcriptional expression of genes of interest. An appropriate normalization strategy with reliable reference genes is required for calculating gene expression across diverse experimental conditions. In this study, we aim to identify the most stable reference genes for expression studies of xenobioti...

Practices for endo and ectoparasite control in beef cattle were evaluated in two independent experiments. First, the effects of rotenone on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks were evaluated in vitro and in experimentally infected calves. In the second trial, the effects of grazing systems associated with endo and ectoparasite treatments on parasite burden and weight gain of naturally par...

An aqueous emulsion of amitraz (Bovitraz, Bayer AH), prepared and applied according to the manufacturer's recommendations, was evaluated for its activity against cattle ticks on a dairy farm in Ethiopia. Eight crossbred heifer calves aged between 6 and 8 months and heavily infested with ticks were selected and divided into equal treatment and control groups. The calves in the treatment group we...

GSTs (Glutathione S-transferases) are known to catalyze the nucleophilic attack of sulfhydryl group reduced glutathione (GSH) on electrophilic centers xenobiotic compounds, including insecticides and acaricides. Genome analyses polyphagous spider mite herbivore Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted mite) revealed presence a set 32 genes that code for secreted proteins belonging GST family enzymes. T...

In this study, acetylcholinesterases (AChEs)were extracted from twoMexicanBoophilusmicroplus strains thatdemonstrated resistance to theorganophosphate(OP)acaricide, coumaphos, in bioassay. The rate of inhibition of the extractedAChEs by the diethyl-OPparaoxonwas determined for two resistant strains and two susceptible strains ofB.microplus. The time to inhibition of 50%AChE activity was approxi...

Hyalomma scupense (syn. Hyalomma detritum) is a two-host domestic endophilic tick of cattle and secondarily other ungulates in the Maghreb region (Africa). This species transmits several pathogens, among which two are major livestock diseases: Theileria annulata and Theileria equi. Various other pathogens are also transmitted by this tick species, such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia...