Honey bee colonies are subject to numerous pathogens and parasites. Interaction among multiple pathogens and parasites is the proposed cause for Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), a syndrome characterized by worker bees abandoning their hive. Here we provide the first documentation that the phorid fly Apocephalus borealis, previously known to parasitize bumble bees, also infects and eventually kil...

This paper presents an approach to modeling land-cover change as a function of land-use change. We argue that, in order to model the link between socio-economic change and changes in forest cover in a region that is experiencing residential and recreational development and agricultural abandonment, land-use and landcover change need to be represented as separate processes. Forest-cover change i...

Global plant trait studies have revealed fundamental trade-offs in plant resource economics. We evaluated such trait trade-offs during secondary succession in two species-rich tropical ecosystems that contrast in precipitation: dry deciduous and wet evergreen forests of Mexico. Species turnover with succession in dry forest largely relates to increasing water availability and in wet forest to d...

The Mid-eastern Inner Mongolia of China, a typical agro-pastoral transitional zone, has undergone rapid agricultural land use changes including land reclamation and cropland abandonment in past decades due to growing population and food demand, climatic variability, and land use policy such as the "Grain for Green" Project (GFG Project). It is significant to the regional ecology and sustainabil...

Identifying and explaining the end of long-lived practices is a major challenge for anthropological archaeology. We present high-precision uranium series dating ( 230 Th/U) chronology an undocumented aspect Hawaiian religion: use corals as offerings in gardens. Our results from upland gardens Kealakekua (Kona District, Hawai`i Island) document onset religious at same time farming area around AD...

Land abandonment is a major global change driver in the Mediterranean region, where anthropic activity has played an important role shaping landscape configuration. Understanding woodland expansion towards abandoned croplands critical to develop effective management strategies. In this study, we analyze colonization pattern of by Quercus pyrenaica Sierra Nevada mountain range (southern Spain). ...

the present article is an attempt to study the appearance of asceticism and it’s development to mysticism ofter coming islamic religion.there are a lot of different views about the priority of asceticism to sufism or the priority of sufism to asceticism.the historical guidances prove that this evolution is accomplished from fear of god and his hell in to asceticism and abandonment of the life a...

The chapter presents a spatial interaction entropy model that addresses the dynamics of urban growth using sites from the Late Uruk period in southern Mesopotamia as examples. The model addresses to what extent geography, transportation, and factors that make locations attractive for trade and settlement affect why some settlements grow while others stabilize or diminish in size through time. T...

assistance with sins’ and ‘causation’ are two important jurisprudential rules with crucial implications. ‘assisting’ and ‘causing’ as derived from those rules have a lot in common. at the same time, what their differences are seems to be an important issue. the subtle differences between the two sometimes lead to confused identifications and examples of each might be mistaken with the other. we...