The biosand filter (BSF) is an intermittently operated, household-scale slow sand filter for which little data are available on the effect of sand composition on treatment performance. Therefore, bench-scale columns were prepared according to the then-current (2006-2007) guidance on BSF design and run in parallel to conduct two microbial challenge experiments of eight-week duration. Triplicate ...

The micromechanical damage mechanics formulated by ASHBY and SAMMIS (Pure Appl Geophys 133(3) 489–521, 1990) has been shown to give an adequate description of the triaxial failure surface for a wide variety of rocks at low confining pressure. However, it does not produce the large negative curvature in the failure surface observed in Westerly granite at high confining pressure. We show that thi...

Although the quest for Earth's oldest rock is of great importance, identifying the youngest exposed pluton on Earth is also of interest. A pluton is a body of intrusive igneous rock that crystallized from slowly cooling magma at depths of several kilometers beneath the surface of the Earth. Therefore, the youngest exposed pluton represents the most recent tectonic uplift and highest exhumation....

The area of Esfordi-Zarigan in Central Iran is located in Bafq metallogenic province where most the rock units belong to Precambrian, Infracambrian and Cambrian periods. Although the sedimentary and volcanic rocks are widely distributed, this research is mainly focused on petrogenesis of plutonic rocks. From stratigraphic point of view sedimentary and volcanic rocks can be classified in five ma...

Abad ke-21 dianggap sebagai abad pengetahuan, ekonomi berbasis teknologi berita, globalisasi, revolusi industri 4.0, serta sebagainya. di ini, terjadi perubahan yang sangat cepat sulit diprediksi dalam segala aspek kehidupan baik bidang ekonomi, transportasi, teknologi, komunikasi, info, lain – lain. Industri 4.0 pertama kali diperkenalkan pada Hannover Fair 2011 ditandai digital. Industry adal...

Granitic rocks are commonly used as a means to study chemical evolution of continental crust. In particular, their isotopic compositions reflect the relative contributions of mantle and crustal sources in their genesis. In Laurentia, a distinctive belt of Mesoproterozoic A-type or “anorogenic” granites of ∼1.4 Ga age was emplaced within composite, heterogeneous Proterozoic crust. Zircons are an...