Consider the task of building a speech-to-speech translation system. One signi cant problem confronting the designer is the absence of a one-to-one mapping from word sounds to text strings to word meanings. The following examples reveal the ubiquity of this problem . In a highly homophonous language like Chinese the single sound sequence 'shi' maps to 56 di erent characters, each of which in tu...

the implication of transposition in the structure of positive and negative sentences has been studied from the point of abd al-qāhir al-jurjānī's view in present essay. transposition is a rhetorical subject being discussed in generative-transformative grammar. jurjānī believed that words set in order in a sentence on the basis of their meanings, and emphasized that if the order of words in...

Meanings of morphological categories are an indispensable component of representation of sentence semantics. In the Prague Dependency Treebank 2.0, sentence semantics is represented as a dependency tree consisting of labeled nodes and edges. Meanings of morphological categories are captured as attributes of tree nodes; these attributes are called grammatemes. The present paper focuses on morpho...

In this paper, the author shows how ‘Allah’ is used in daily Yemeni Arabic conversations. The term Allah has a variety of meanings Arabic, as it does Arab world, reflecting belief that alone charge all affairs, grants blessings, and either encourages or criticizes someone to do something. result appears several expressions when part sentence containing word. For example, there are have over one...

Semantic similarity is a confidence score that replicates semantic equivalence between the meanings of two sentences. Determining the similarity among sentences is one of the critical tasks which have a wide-ranging impact in recent NLP applications. This paper presents a method for identifying semantic sentence similarity among sentences using semantic relation of word senses across the differ...

Meanings of basic expressions can be enriched by considering what the speaker could have said, but chose not to, that is, the alternatives. We report three experiments testing whether there is a single enrichment procedure that stretches across diverse linguistic phenomena. Participants were primed to understand either the basic meaning or the enriched meaning of a sentence. We found that the e...

Tree-structured neural networks exploit valuable syntactic parse information as they interpret the meanings of sentences. However, they suffer from two key technical problems that make them slow and unwieldy for large-scale NLP tasks: they usually operate on parsed sentences and they do not directly support batched computation. We address these issues by introducing the Stack-augmented Parser-I...