Appendix S1: Procedure for masking environmental variables. For the masked geographically structured approach, we took background environmental data only from the areas of the bins used in model calibration (Anderson & Raza, 2010). To do so, we ‘masked’ out the area corresponding to the bin being withheld for evaluation by using a dummy variable. The dummy variable had a value of zero in the re...

This paper presents a rail-to-rail constant-gm operational amplifier input stage. The proposed circuit changes the tail current of the input differential pairs dynamically for a constant-gm by using dummy input differential pairs. The problem which causes total gm variation is input pairs and dummy input pairs can not take effect at the same time with the common-mode input voltage changes, beca...

In this paper we consider estimation and unit root testing in AR(1) models with infinite variance innovations. Specifically, we study the asymptotic properties of estimators obtained by dummying out ”large” innovations, i.e. exceeding a given threshold. These estimators reflect the common practice of dealing with large residuals by including impulse dummies in the estimated regression. Iterativ...

Contract Bridge is an intellectual game which motivates multiple skills and application of prior experience and knowledge, as no player knows accurately what moves other players are capable of making. The Bridge is a game played in the presence of imperfect information, yet its strategies must be well formulated, since the outcome at any intermediate stage is solely based on the choices made du...

Contract Bridge is an intelligent game, which enhances the creativity with multiple skills and quest to acquire the intricacies of the game, because no player knows exactly what moves other players are capable of during their turn. The Bridge being a game of imperfect information is to be equally well defined, since the outcome at any intermediate stage is purely based on the decision made on t...