Acyl glucuronides are reactive electrophilic metabolites implicated in the toxicity of carboxylic acid drugs. Valproyl 1-O-b-acyl glucuronide (VPA-G), which is a major metabolite of valproic acid (VPA), has been linked to the development of oxidative stress in VPA-treated rats. However, relatively little is known about the toxicity of in situ generated VPA-G and its contribution to VPA hepatoto...

CONTENTS PERSPECTIVES AND OVERVIEW ...................................... 541 CANONICAL H-DNA .................................................. 544 *H-DNA ............................................................... 553 H-DNA-LIKE-STRUCTURES ........................................... 557 Nodule DNA ........................................................ 558 Eclectic DNA .....................

Kazutaka Ota, Dik Heg, Michio Hori, and Masanori Kohda Department of Biology and Geosciences, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyoto University, KitashirakawaOiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan, and Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstra...

Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) data retrieved by the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) from 2002 to 2004 were compared with AOT measurements from an Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) site located in Beijing urban area. AERONETAOT data were first averaged within a two-hour time window andMISR data were collected using AOTs of the central regions covering the AERONETsite and the avera...

The cytochrome bd quinol oxidase is one of two respiratory oxidases in Escherichia coli. It oxidizes dihydroubiquinol or dihydromenaquinol while reducing dioxygen to water. The bd-type oxidases have only been found in prokaryotes and have been implicated in the survival of some bacteria, including pathogens, under conditions of low aeration. With a high affinity for dioxygen, cytochrome bd not ...

Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 24, No. 3, 543–558 (2005) © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/pam.20114 Manuscript received July 2004; review complete September 2004; revision complete October 2004; revision review complete Decembe...

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme binds to arachidonic acid and releases metabolites that are used to induce pain and inflammation. COX-2 selective inhibitors such as celecoxib, rofecoxib and valdecoxib are currently used to reduce inflammatory response. However, they lack anti-thrombotic activity and hence lead to cardiovascular and renal liabilities apart from gastrointestinal irritation. There...