DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) degrades the incretin hormones GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide), decreasing their stimulatory effects on beta-cell insulin secretion. In patients with Type 2 diabetes, meal-related GLP-1 secretion is reduced. DPP-4 inhibitors (alogliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin and vildagliptin) correct the GLP-1 deficiency by blocking thi...

INTRODUCTION Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a class of oral antidiabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which lower blood glucose without causing severe hypoglycemia. However, the first cardiovascular (CV) safety trials have only recently reported their results, and our understanding of these therapies remains incomplete. Using clinical trial simulations, w...

in order to study of use advantage in the intercropping system fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill) and fenugreek (trigonella foenum-graecum l) in different ratios of intercropping and sole cropping, an experiment with use replacement and additive intercropping based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the research station of faculty of agriculture, universi...

Herein, two diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based, small-molecule isomers, o- and p-DPP-PhCN, were introduced as acceptors in ternary organic solar cells (OSCs). The isomers have the same molecular backbone but differ positions of cyanide (CN) substituents (ortho para), which greatly affects their packing behavior. Ternary composed poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):DPP-PhCN:phenyl-C61-butyric acid methy...

genes spalt (sal) and optomotorblind (omb) at different Summary cytonemes (Ramírez-Weber and Kornberg, 1999) shape the Dpp activity gradient. These studies point to the Secreted morphogens such as the Drosophila TGF-␤ homolog Decapentaplegic (Dpp) are thought to spread necessity of directly monitoring the distribution and trafficking of Dpp to approach the cellular and molecular through target ...

D ipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 is a complex enzyme that exists as a membrane-anchored cell surface peptidase that transmits intracellular signals via a short intracellular tail and as a second smaller soluble form present in the circulation. DPP-4 cleaves a large number of chemokines and peptide hormones in vitro, but comparatively fewer peptides have been identified as endogenous physiological ...