Evaluating Communication for Development presents a comprehensive framework for critically thinking about and understanding development, social change, and the evaluation of communication for development (C4D). This framework combines the latest thinking from a number of fields in new ways. The authors critique dominant measurement-oriented and upward accountability approaches to development an...

The goal of this study was to present a method for physiologic validation and show results for a comparison of the 4D-CT ventilation and SPECT ventilation or perfusion. A 4D-CT and a SPECT ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) (VSPECT and QSPECT) scans were acquired for a lung cancer patient. Two 4D-CT ventilation images were created using two metrics: Hounsfield unit (HU)-change (V4D-CT) and Jacobian de...

The ratio between second and fourth finger (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic; it is lower in men than in women. Studies using broad personality domains yielded correlations of 2D:4D with neuroticism, extraversion or agreeableness, but the obtained results have been inconsistent. We correlated 2D:4D of 184 women and 101 men with their scores in Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire. W...

We discuss the dynamics of a particular two-dimensional (2D) physical system in the four dimensional (4D) (non-)commutative phase space by exploiting the consistent Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formalisms based on the symplectic structures defined on the 4D (non-)commutative cotangent manifold. The noncommutativity exists in the coordinates or the momentum planes embedded in the 4D cotangent mani...

We present 4D images of hypertrophied myocardium in patients with essential hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with asymmetrical septal hypertrophy, and apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using helical computed tomography (CT) ( Figures 1 through 4). Previously, we reported on 4D CT-ventriculography, which can assess right and left ventricular morphology and motion.1 In 4D ventriculograp...

The ratio of the second-to-fourth finger lengths (2D:4D) has been proposed as an indicator of prenatal sex differentiation. However, 2D:4D has not been studied in the closest living human relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus). We report the results from 79 chimpanzees and 39 bonobos of both sexes, including infants, juveniles, and adults. We observed the expected s...

We exploit the combination of a virtual world containing physicallyinteracting 4D objects with a multimodal haptics-driven user-interface model; the goal is to facilitate the development of accurate cognitive models enabling the visualization of 4D space. Our primary test domain supports tactile interaction with physically colliding and deformable curves and surfaces embedded in 4D, an importan...

Using the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism, we study extra force and extra mass in a recently introduced noncompact Kaluza-Klein cosmological model. We examine the inertial 4D mass m 0 of the inflaton field on a 4D FRW bulk in two examples. We find that m 0 has a geometrical origin and antigravitational effects on a non inertial 4D bulk should be a consequence of the motion of the fifth coordinate wit...

Using the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism, we study extra force and extra mass in a recently introduced noncompact Kaluza-Klein cosmological model. We examine the inertial 4D mass m 0 of the inflaton field on a 4D FRW bulk in two examples. We find that m 0 has a geometrical origin and antigravitational effects on a non inertial 4D bulk should be a consequence of the motion of the fifth coordinate wit...

Using the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism, we study extra force and extra mass in a recently introduced noncompact Kaluza-Klein cosmological model. We examine the inertial 4D mass m 0 of the inflaton field on a 4D FRW bulk in two examples. We find that m 0 has a geometrical origin and antigravitational effects on a non inertial 4D bulk should be a consequence of the motion of the fifth coordinate wit...