A recombinant co-stimulatory molecule capable of inducing multiple effects on varied immune cells when present in its soluble active form is termed as SA-4-1BBL. It has been reported to influence innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cells. Recent studies confirmed its engagement with receptor, 4-1BB leading to collection of interleukin-2 (IL-2) that in turn overcomes Treg suppression. Furthe...

I compute exact partition function zeros of the Wako-Saitô-Muñoz-Eaton model for various secondary structural elements and for two proteins, 1BBL and 1I6C, by using both analytic and numerical methods. Two-state and barrierless downhill folding transitions can be distinguished by a gap in the distribution of zeros at the positive real axis.

Naive T cells undergo homeostatic proliferation in lymphopenic mice, a process that involves TCR recognition of specific self peptide/MHC complexes. Since costimulation signals regulate the T cell response to foreign Ags, we asked whether they also regulate homeostatic expansion. We report in this study that homeostatic expansion of CD4 and CD8 T cells occurs independently of costimulation sign...