für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht: Creative Commons Namen...

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the composite surface treated by different powers of Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) laser in comparison with bur preparation via scanning electron microscope. METHODS Fourteen composite resin blocks with 15× 10 × 10 mm dimensions were used in this study. The samples were divided to seven groups as follow: Group 1 (power: 1 W, E...

We demonstrate dual-wavelength emission from optically pumped vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) with two different gain mirror designs. The first gain mirror design (S1) generated an optical output power of 0.39 W at λS = 984 nm and 0.30 W at λL = 1042 nm. A VECSEL using the second gain mirror design (S2) generated a maximum optical output power of 0.75 W at λS = 966 nm...

We analyze two designs for W-Band free electron lasers for application as laboratory instruments in the study of millimeter wave accelerators at high gradient. The first design is based on the linear induction accelerator LELIA (CEA/CESTA, France), employs a 1kA, 80-ns electron pulse, and corresponds to a helical TE11 200MW W-Band amplifier design. We analyze also a W-Band planar ubitron design...

An electrochemical cell and electrode system for investigation of aqueous systems under nearand supercritical conditions is described. Cyclic voltammetry of 1.5% w/w KC1 and 6% w/w KBr solutions was investigated and log current vs. potential (Tafel) plots for the chlorine and hydrogen evolution reactions are given. A study of the Cu/Cu(I)/Cu(II) system in Na2S04 and KC1 solutions is described a...

Fast-twitch skeletal muscles are specialized for in vivo motor functions that require high power (mastication and load lifting), high speed (eyelid blink), or a combination of the two (withdrawal reflexes and escape responses). Those functions that rely on high power often involve tetanic stimulation of the effector muscles, resulting in sustained force generation even during tetani that are no...

Most studies have looked at the distribution of well-being or its change over time in terms of income. However, family wealth is also an indicator of well-being, independent of the direct financial income it provides. There are four reasons. First, owner-occupied housing provides services directly to their owner. Second, wealth is a source of consumption, independent of the direct money income ...

The present work aims to study the effects of working fluids on thermal performance heat pipe with a wick and in horizontal position. experiments were conducted using copper 20.8 mm inner diameter, length evaporator, condenser, adiabatic regions 300 mm, 350 respectively. selected water, Methanol, ethanol, different binary mixtures (50: 50) %, (30: 70) (70: 30) % mixing ratios. filling ratio was...

Operation • Electrodeless inductive coupling allows use with chemically reactive gases • Low power (300 mW 3 W), low voltage (< 20 V) • Gas pressure: 0.1 10 Torr (13 1300 Pa) • Argon ion density: 1010 1011 cm-3 • Electron temperature: 20,000 50,000 K • Non-equilibrium plasma allows operation near room temperature, however. MEMS Plasma Generator A low power, electrodeless plasma source on a chip...