Background: 3DCRT (three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy) and IMRT (intensity-modulated radiotherapy) has provided us with tools to delineate the radiation dose distribution of tumor targets. However, the precision of radiation can be compromised by respiratory motion, which usually limits the geometric and dosimetric accuracy of radiotherapy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the imp...

BACKGROUND Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy has emerged as a safe and effective technique for treating early-stage lung cancer. Novel three-dimensional, high-definition (3D HD) imaging has removed this technical obstacle and is increasingly used in laparoscopic surgery. We compared our initial experience of 3D HD VATS with standard two-dimensional (2D) HD VATS to identify t...

MDCK II cells, a widely used model of polarized epithelia, develop into different structures depending on culture conditions: two-dimensional (2D) monolayers when grown on synthetic supports or three-dimensional (3D) cysts when surrounded by an extracellular matrix. The establishment of epithelial polarity is accompanied by transcytosis of the apical marker podocalyxin from the outer plasma mem...

The potential energy surfaces of several alpha-(1-->3)- and beta-(1-->4)-linked disaccharides were obtained and plotted in terms of energy versus psi glycosidic angle. These plots were compared to those obtained previously in the way of the usual 3D contour maps, which relate the energy with the two glycosidic angles (phi and psi). Given the usually small variations of the phi angle in the low-...

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PURPOSE We developed a method of image data projection of bone SPECT into 3D volume-rendered CT images for 3D SPECT/CT fusion. The aims of our study were to evaluate its feasibility and clinical usefulness. METHODS Whole-body bone scintigraphy (WB) and SPECT/CT scans were performed in 318 cancer patients using a dedicated SPECT/CT systems. Volume data of bone SPECT and CT were fused to obtain...

Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty (PBKP) is generally performed under two-dimensional (2D) radiography guidance (lateral- and anteroposterior (A-P) views) using C-arm fluoroscopy. However, 2D images taken by single-plane or bi-plane fluoroscopy cannot provide information regarding axial views, particularly the Z axis. Lack of information regarding the Z axis prevents the creation of three-dimens...

Real-time three-dimensional (RT-3D) echocardiography has entered the clinical practice but true incremental value over standard two-dimensional echocardiography (2D) remains uncertain when applied to stress echo. The aim of the present study is to establish the additional value of RT-3D stress echo over standard 2D stress echocardiography. We evaluated 23 consecutive patients (age = 65 +/- 10 y...

The aim of this paper is to show how 2D approaches, often used to investigate numerically the real devices as they are faster and simpler respect to 3D techniques, may lead to wrong results in modeling Photonic Crystal structures. As a test case, the determination of the so called Mini Stop Band (MSB) for the fundamental mode in a W1 waveguide is considered. A MSB is found when the structure, r...

There are several differentiation methods for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into hepatocyte-like cell. Investigators reported various hepatic differentiation protocols such as modifying culturing conditions or using various growth factors/cytokines. In this literature review, we compared different MSCs extraction and isolation protocols from Wharton’s jelly (WJ) and explored various MSCs differ...