In the second half of the 19th century, there was very little attention given to bilingual speakers within the growing clinical literature on aphasia. The first major publication on this topic (Pitres, 1895), appeared three decades after Broca's seminal work. Previously, Ribot (1881) had discussed the phenomenon of bilingual aphasia in the context of diseases of memory. Although interest in the...

Toxicology is the study of poisons and poisoning and has an ancient and venerable history. Although there have been numerous notorious poisonings throughout the ages and rather astute descriptions of toxic agents, the scientific study of toxicology did not commence until the 19th century. There was rapid development of analytical methods in the late 19th century and then an acceleration of both...

At the end of the 19th century, after having long neglected sanitary conditions in rural areas, Argentinean public health authorities began to recognize the need to combat malaria in the country's northern provinces. The disease was proliferating among workers in the sugarcane and cotton industries, jeopardizing national and international economic interests. The crusade against malaria involved...

During the 19th-century atomism was a controversial issue in chemistry. It is an oversimplification to dismiss the critics’ arguments as all falling under the general positivist view that what can’t be seen can’t be. The more interesting lines of argument, at any rate, either questioned whether any coherent notion of an atom had ever been formulated, or questioned whether atoms were ever really...

The study of mediums was part of a larger program of psychical research, begun in the late 19th century, intended to examine specifi cally whether human personality survives bodily death, and more generally whether the brain produces mind or consciousness, as most scientists since the late 19th century have assumed. Although a vast amount of high-quality research resulted from that effort, the ...