in one pole of the continuum of language learning, theoreticians and practitioners traditionally consider english as english as a second language or english as a foreign language. however, in the other pole of this continuum where english is thought of as the most effective tool for international communication, it is referred to as a lingua franca. those who favor an approach to english growing...

since the 1960s the age effects on learning both first and second language have been explored by many linguists and applied linguists (e.g lennerberg, 1967; schachter, 1996; long, 1990) and the existence of critical period for language acquisition was found to be a common ground of all these studies. in spite of some common findings, some issues about the impacts of age on acquiring a second or...

Before the Islamic Awakening, the international system was the main shaping factor for the regional trends of Western Asia (Middle East). But after the political developments known as the Islamic Awakening or the Arab Spring, and the entry of new elements such as people and public opinion in the political equitation of the region, the regional trends of Western Asia has become more influential ...

Aims & Backgrounds: The US and the Soviet Union led the east and the west camps during the cold war and the geopolitical order was laid on the foundation of the rivalries between these two superpowers. But, after the collapse of the bipolar system, the US became the undisputed power in the international arena and the geopolitical order underwent changes during three decades after that and the c...

چکیده زبان سیستم کاملی ازقوانین است که برای ایجاد ارتباط و تبادل معانی مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد که در رابطه تنگاتنگ با روابط قدرتی افراد می باشد. این رابطه و قدرت افراد می تواند مستقیما در انتخاب ضمایر و سایر ساختارهای زبانی حتی در رفتار افراد تاثیرگذار باشد. در هرجامعه ای ، تقریبا نوعی روابط قدرتی درمیان افراد موجود می باشد و این رابطه درنحوه ی استفاده ی آنها در زبان منعکس می شود. بررسی ای...