In the 1960s, discovery of pleasure system (defined as reward system) in the brain that may underlie drug reward and addiction encouraged many scientists to investigate the mechanisms by which drug abuse affects central nervous system function. In this regard, investigators developed several drugs targeting the brain reward system for drug dependence therapy. However, no positive results obtain...

The development of international health from a historical point of view has undergone major advances in recent times and constitutes a substantial part of the current agenda for historians of medicine. Within this framework, and focussing on a specific case study (international responses to poliomyelitis outbreaks in the 20th century), we explore the main actions and achievements of agencies su...

As Martin Campbell-Kelly [5] notes in his paper on this panel, data on the emergence of the software industry is sparse, and "In the absence of hard quantitative data, the best historical approach appears to be one based on case studies." While his paper provides case studies of specific software firms, this paper provides a different type of case study: a study of the emergence of application ...

A new approach to cointegration developed by Enders et al. (Cointegration tests using instrumental variables with an example of the U.K. demand for money. Unpublished working paper. http://wenders.people.ua.edu/time-seriesmethods.html, 2008) is applied to long-span, high-frequency data to test for purchasing power parity in the Mexico–US real exchange rate. Overall the empirical results suggest...

Robert Treat Paine III passed away June 13 in Seattle surrounded by family and friends. RTP, as he was known, was an emeritus Professor at the University of Washington, where he developed a career that helped define the field of community ecology. Ever an avid naturalist who paid close attention to the specifics of a bird song or a starfish’s diet, RTP’s best-known contributions were the concep...

OBITUARY Biography of Professor Stanis³aw Wolfarth, an excellent scientist and honorable man, is a history of a man, who despite very difficult beginning of his career, achieved great success in his life being a self-made man. He accomplished this owning to his talent and hard work, and most of all, to strong character and passion for knowledge. in Gostyñ, a small town in the Poznañskie region,...