The effect of various animal wastes on growth and reproduction of an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida was studied under identical laboratory conditions. For each waste, viz., cow, buffalo, horse, donkey, sheep, goat and camel, five hatchlings per 100 g of waste were inoculated and monitored for biomass gain, mortality, sexual maturity, cocoons production periodically for 15 weeks. No mortality...

Reduction of specific energy consumption by 1 – 2% per year is typically what is considered feasible for end-use energy applications. This article tries to answer the question whether much higher rates, for example 5% and more are feasible for new equipment, installations and buildings. After examining some end-use functions in industry, buildings and the transport sector, it is concluded that ...

Embedded systems are often operating under hard real-time constraints, while at the same time being constrained by severe restrictions on power consumption. For such systems, robustness and reliability can be a question of life and death, which calls for rigorous system design and methodologies for validation. In this paper we advocate a design methodology for low-power, real-time systems, base...

correct estimates of the risk of erosion at improve land management advice plays an important role. in this study, erosion risk zoning in the kan basin with area about 20571 ha in the northwest of tehran by using the experimental model mpsiac and geographic information system (gis) were investigated and by using the base maps and gis, layers of information were prepared. after collecting, prepa...

Accumulation of sawdust and sugarcane bagasse can cause serious problems for the environment. In this study, we examined the growth and reproductive performance of Eisenia foetida in cow manure, cow manure + sugarcane bagasse (4:1, V/V) and cow manure + sawdust (4:1, V/V) waste and its effects on CO2 evolution. The results showed that the weight gain for E. foetida (live weight) per gram of dry...

Involuntary culling (IC) is where a cow is disposed of due to injury, poor health or infertility. The main reasons for IC are infertility, mastitis and lameness. These reasons have differing age profiles in when they affect cows, cost variable amounts to treat and have an effect on the value of the cow at market. They also reduce cow welfare in different ways. These factors influence the econom...

This simulation study was to evaluate low cost feeding strategies in response to higher cost of commercial concentrates to maintain current milk sales from dual purpose cattle herds in the humid lowlands of western Venezuela. Data were from farm surveys in 1987 and 1988. Baseline net margins from milk and beef per cow per year were $132 and $99 for two farm cases with average dally milk of 10 a...

Dairy cattle production requires great intensification, which has been demonstrated to affect negatively on the reproduction. One calf by cow and year is the reproductive objective in these animals. It means that cows must get pregnant after AI, maintain the pregnancy, have parturition after 270 days approx., and wait for a period of 40-50 days to be successfully inseminated again. Nevertheless...